Exam 2 Flashcards
Where are nonessential amino acids made in the body?
Liver
List the branched-chain amino acids
Leucine, isoleucine, valine
Define an ergogenic aid
A substance used to enhance physical performance beyond the gains obtained from physical training alone
List the foods in which you can find branched-chain amino acids
Meats, dairy products, legumes
Which amino acids are most likely to cause toxicity when ingested in supplement form?
Methionine, cysteine, histidine
What are complementary proteins?
Two good protein sources that make up for each other’s inadequate supply of specific essential amino acids
What is the recommended dietary allowance for protein?
.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight
What amount of amino acids make up all proteins?
20
How many essential amino acids are there?
9
How many nonessential amino acids are there?
11
Oligopeptides consist of ____ to 9 groups of peptide bonds
4
What determines a protein’s shape?
The order of amino acids
What determines a protein’s function in the body?
Its final shape
Define denaturation
Alteration of a protein’s three-dimensional structure
Thyroid hormones are made of what type of amino acid?
Tyrosine
Insulin is composed of how many amino acids?
51
What needs to happen in order for the liver to produce glucose from amino acids?
Not enough carbs
When do amino acids from muscle tissue convert into glucose?
In starvation
Define marasmus
Starvation and insufficient protein and calories
Kwashiorkor
Marginal amount of calories and insufficient protein
Ovo-vegetarian diets include ____ in their diet
Eggs
Pescatarian diets allow ____ in their diet
fish
Define scurvy:
Fatigue, bleeding gums, bruising
Scurvy is a disease caused by a deficiency of what vitamin?
C
Define rickets
Bone disease in children
What food can treat rickets?
Cod liver oil
What vitamin is deficient in rickets?
D
Define chlorosis:
Green skin color, weakness
What is a vitamin?
Carbon-containing substances needed in small amounts by the body
List the fat soluble vitamins
A D E K
What vitamin is found in carrots?
A
A deficiency of vitamin E results in:
Muscular weakness and neurological dysfunction
Water soluble vitamins are primarily absorbed in the ________ intestine
Small
List symptoms of vitamin A toxicity
Dry skin, headache, nausea, blurred vision, birth defects
Vitamin content is greatest when a fruit or vegetable is _____
Ripe
Fruits are good sources of what two vitamins?
A and C
Minerals are
Individual chemical elements that can’t be broken down further
Minerals are essential when
Dietary inadequacy causes physiological or structural abnormality
Vitamin D increases ________ absorption
Calcium
Excess of one mineral can decrease ______ of another
Absorption
Refined grains contain lower amounts of what?
Vitamin E, B, minerals
