Chapter 13 Study Guide Flashcards
define erythrocyte
a mature red blood cell with no nucleus; they contain hemoglobin. they last 120 days
what allows hemoglobin to bind to oxygen
iron
formation of hemoglobin requires what?
copper, vitamin c, vitamin b-6
what do we call white blood cells?
leukocytes
platelets (thrombocytes) are defined as what?
cell fragments
what percentage does plasma account for blood?
55%
what is the formation of blood cells called?
erythropoiesis
what is the primary function of blood?
carry oxygen from your lungs to body’s tissues
what is the secondary function of blood?
carry carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
what is lost in the red blood cell to make room for hemoglobin
nucleus
define anemia
condition caused by inadequate number of healthy red blood cells
a deficiency of vitamin k can result in _______
hemorrhage
a deficiency of vitamin E can result in what?
leaving red blood cells susceptible to oxidative damage
anemia is typically detected by symptoms resulting from a reduction in the ___________ of healthy red blood cells
number
examining the ______ and ______ of red blood cells can help doctors determine the specific cause of anemia
size, color
healthy red blood cells with a normal size are called ______
normocytic
healthy red blood cells with a normal color are called
normochromic
large red blood cells are called _________ or megaloblastic
macrocytic
what could cause red blood cells to be macrocytic or megaloblastic
folate or vitamin b-12 deficiencies
small red blood cells are called
microcytic
pale red blood cells are _______
hypochromic
what could cause red blood cells to be small and pale in color
iron or vitamin b-6 deficiencies
define hemostasis
process of stopping blood loss
what is vasoconstriction
narrowing of blood vessels
hemorrhage could result from insufficient vitamin _
K
excessive vitamin _ could lead to hemorrhage
E
excessive intakes of what could cause hemorrhage?
omega-3 fatty acids
is vitamin K synthesized in the body? if so, what percentage fulfills human requirements?
yes, 10%
vitamin ___ serves as a cofactor in chemical reactions that add _____ _______ molecules to various proteins, thus enabling these proteins to bind to ________
K, carbon dioxide, calcium
why are newborns at highest risk of vitamin K deficiency bleeding
they are born with low stores of vitamin K
what is phylloquinone?
the most abundant form of Vitamin K, synthesized by green plants
what is menaquinone?
vitamin K synthesized by gut bacteria
what is menadione?
synthetic form of vitamin K found in supplements
which form of vitamin K is twice as biologically available as the other two?
menadione
what are major sources of phylloquinone?
green leafy vegetables, broccoli, asparagus, peas
what food sources can menaquinone be found?
meats, eggs, dairy products
compared to _______ sources, the nutrient density of vitamin K in _______ sources is rather low
plant, animal
vitamin K is ________ to cooking losses
resistant
what makes vitamin k different from other fat-soluble vitamins?
it is not easily stored and excesses can be excreted
what is the synthetic form of folate?
folic acid
is synthetic folic acid more bioavailable than natural folate in food?
yes
list functions of folate
supply or accept single carbon compounds, aid in the synthesis of DNA and metabolism of amino acids, formation of neurotransmitters, prevent cancer
what happens to red blood cells in people who are folate deficient?
the red blood cells become large and have a nucleus
list symptoms of folate deficiency
elevated homocysteine levels, tongue inflammation, diarrhea, poor growth, mental confusion, depression, nerve function problems
maternal folate deficiency results in what?
neural tube defects
list richest sources of folate
green leafy vegetables, orange juice, dried beans, organ meats, cereals, bread, milk
folate is susceptible to destruction by _____ and _____
heat, oxygen
vitamin b-12 is the only vitamin that contains a _______ as part of its structure
mineral
why is vitamin b-12 different from the other water soluble vitamins
it can be stored in the liver
vitamin b-12 is only found in _____ products
animal
list functions of vitamin b-12
folate metabolism, convert folate coenzymes into active forms folate, maintaining myelin sheath
a deficiency of b-12 can result in symptoms of a _______ deficiency, including elevated _____ levels and macrocytic anemia
folate, homocysteine
what is pernicious anemia?
disease from vitamin b-12 deficiency
what does pernicious mean in pernicious anemia
nerve degeneration that results in paralysis and death
people with pernicious anemia usually do not lack what vitamin in their dietary pattern?
vitamin b-12
pernicious anemia is usually characterized by _________ anemia
macrocytic
vitamin b-12 supplements are essentially _______-toxic
non
b-12 is found in which section of MyPlate
protein
iron is part of the _______ in red blood cells and _______ in muscle cells
hemoglobin, myoglobin
define hematocrit
percentage of blood that is red blood cells
how is iron measured
measuring hematocrit, serum iron, or ferritin
what is stage 1 iron deficiency
iron stores depleted
what is stage 2 iron deficiency
iron in transferrin is depleted, physiological impairment continues
what is stage 2 iron deficiency?
iron in transferrin is depleted, physiological impairment continues
what is stage 3 iron deficiency
iron-deficiency anemia
what is ferritin
protein that stores iron and releases it in controlled manner
what is ferritin
protein that stores iron and releases it in controlled manner
what is transferrin
iron-binding protein, controls level of free iron in blood
how is iron-deficiency anemia cured?
iron supplements
it takes longer than _ month(s) to become anemic, so it will take more than _ month(s) to cure it
1, 1
vitamin _ enhances iron absorption
C
vitamin _ enhances iron absorption
C
large doses of _____ or __________ can compete with iron for absorption
zinc, calcium
animal sources contain 40% ______ iron
heme
iron is found in which groups of MyPlate
protein, grains
hemochromatosis
substantial increase in iron absorption from any source
nonheme iron is less absorbable than _____ iron
heme
what is the name of the protein that carries most of the body’s copper in the blood
ceruloplasmin
copper is important for blood health because
it makes iron available for the formation of red blood cells
copper is important for blood health because
it makes iron available for the formation of red blood cells
list the two groups most likely to get copper deficiency
infants born preterm and people recovering from intestinal surgery
copper and ______ compete with each other for absorption
zinc
copper is best relied upon by consuming what form ?
food
copper is best relied upon by consuming what form ?
food
which food sources are poor for finding copper
milk, fruits, vegetables
which food sources are poor for finding copper
milk, fruits, vegetables
copper converts energy in carbs, fats, and proteins into ______
atp
copper serves as a cofactor for superoxide __________
dismutase
can copper deficiency occur with food
no
what is wilson’s disease
liver cannot make ceruloplasmin
which fatty acids are essential for formation of healthy cell membranes in the brain?
omega-3, omega-6, linoleic, alpha-linolenic
iodine and ______ are vital during brain formation
iron
what are the building blocks of neurotransmitters
amino acids
the presence of _______-chain ______unsaturated fatty acids in human milk promotes cognitive development
long, poly
which b vitamin is important for synthesis of neurotransmitters
b-6
