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NUTR 121 > Chapter 13 Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

define erythrocyte

A

a mature red blood cell with no nucleus; they contain hemoglobin. they last 120 days

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2
Q

what allows hemoglobin to bind to oxygen

A

iron

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3
Q

formation of hemoglobin requires what?

A

copper, vitamin c, vitamin b-6

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4
Q

what do we call white blood cells?

A

leukocytes

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5
Q

platelets (thrombocytes) are defined as what?

A

cell fragments

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6
Q

what percentage does plasma account for blood?

A

55%

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7
Q

what is the formation of blood cells called?

A

erythropoiesis

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8
Q

what is the primary function of blood?

A

carry oxygen from your lungs to body’s tissues

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9
Q

what is the secondary function of blood?

A

carry carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs

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10
Q

what is lost in the red blood cell to make room for hemoglobin

A

nucleus

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11
Q

define anemia

A

condition caused by inadequate number of healthy red blood cells

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12
Q

a deficiency of vitamin k can result in _______

A

hemorrhage

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13
Q

a deficiency of vitamin E can result in what?

A

leaving red blood cells susceptible to oxidative damage

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14
Q

anemia is typically detected by symptoms resulting from a reduction in the ___________ of healthy red blood cells

A

number

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15
Q

examining the ______ and ______ of red blood cells can help doctors determine the specific cause of anemia

A

size, color

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16
Q

healthy red blood cells with a normal size are called ______

A

normocytic

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17
Q

healthy red blood cells with a normal color are called

A

normochromic

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18
Q

large red blood cells are called _________ or megaloblastic

A

macrocytic

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19
Q

what could cause red blood cells to be macrocytic or megaloblastic

A

folate or vitamin b-12 deficiencies

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20
Q

small red blood cells are called

A

microcytic

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21
Q

pale red blood cells are _______

A

hypochromic

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22
Q

what could cause red blood cells to be small and pale in color

A

iron or vitamin b-6 deficiencies

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23
Q

define hemostasis

A

process of stopping blood loss

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24
Q

what is vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of blood vessels

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25
Q

hemorrhage could result from insufficient vitamin _

A

K

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26
Q

excessive vitamin _ could lead to hemorrhage

A

E

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27
Q

excessive intakes of what could cause hemorrhage?

A

omega-3 fatty acids

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28
Q

is vitamin K synthesized in the body? if so, what percentage fulfills human requirements?

A

yes, 10%

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29
Q

vitamin ___ serves as a cofactor in chemical reactions that add _____ _______ molecules to various proteins, thus enabling these proteins to bind to ________

A

K, carbon dioxide, calcium

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30
Q

why are newborns at highest risk of vitamin K deficiency bleeding

A

they are born with low stores of vitamin K

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31
Q

what is phylloquinone?

A

the most abundant form of Vitamin K, synthesized by green plants

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32
Q

what is menaquinone?

A

vitamin K synthesized by gut bacteria

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33
Q

what is menadione?

A

synthetic form of vitamin K found in supplements

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34
Q

which form of vitamin K is twice as biologically available as the other two?

A

menadione

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35
Q

what are major sources of phylloquinone?

A

green leafy vegetables, broccoli, asparagus, peas

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36
Q

what food sources can menaquinone be found?

A

meats, eggs, dairy products

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37
Q

compared to _______ sources, the nutrient density of vitamin K in _______ sources is rather low

A

plant, animal

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38
Q

vitamin K is ________ to cooking losses

A

resistant

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39
Q

what makes vitamin k different from other fat-soluble vitamins?

A

it is not easily stored and excesses can be excreted

40
Q

what is the synthetic form of folate?

A

folic acid

41
Q

is synthetic folic acid more bioavailable than natural folate in food?

A

yes

42
Q

list functions of folate

A

supply or accept single carbon compounds, aid in the synthesis of DNA and metabolism of amino acids, formation of neurotransmitters, prevent cancer

43
Q

what happens to red blood cells in people who are folate deficient?

A

the red blood cells become large and have a nucleus

44
Q

list symptoms of folate deficiency

A

elevated homocysteine levels, tongue inflammation, diarrhea, poor growth, mental confusion, depression, nerve function problems

45
Q

maternal folate deficiency results in what?

A

neural tube defects

46
Q

list richest sources of folate

A

green leafy vegetables, orange juice, dried beans, organ meats, cereals, bread, milk

47
Q

folate is susceptible to destruction by _____ and _____

A

heat, oxygen

48
Q

vitamin b-12 is the only vitamin that contains a _______ as part of its structure

A

mineral

49
Q

why is vitamin b-12 different from the other water soluble vitamins

A

it can be stored in the liver

50
Q

vitamin b-12 is only found in _____ products

A

animal

51
Q

list functions of vitamin b-12

A

folate metabolism, convert folate coenzymes into active forms folate, maintaining myelin sheath

52
Q

a deficiency of b-12 can result in symptoms of a _______ deficiency, including elevated _____ levels and macrocytic anemia

A

folate, homocysteine

53
Q

what is pernicious anemia?

A

disease from vitamin b-12 deficiency

54
Q

what does pernicious mean in pernicious anemia

A

nerve degeneration that results in paralysis and death

55
Q

people with pernicious anemia usually do not lack what vitamin in their dietary pattern?

A

vitamin b-12

56
Q

pernicious anemia is usually characterized by _________ anemia

A

macrocytic

57
Q

vitamin b-12 supplements are essentially _______-toxic

A

non

58
Q

b-12 is found in which section of MyPlate

A

protein

59
Q

iron is part of the _______ in red blood cells and _______ in muscle cells

A

hemoglobin, myoglobin

60
Q

define hematocrit

A

percentage of blood that is red blood cells

61
Q

how is iron measured

A

measuring hematocrit, serum iron, or ferritin

62
Q

what is stage 1 iron deficiency

A

iron stores depleted

63
Q

what is stage 2 iron deficiency

A

iron in transferrin is depleted, physiological impairment continues

64
Q

what is stage 2 iron deficiency?

A

iron in transferrin is depleted, physiological impairment continues

65
Q

what is stage 3 iron deficiency

A

iron-deficiency anemia

66
Q

what is ferritin

A

protein that stores iron and releases it in controlled manner

67
Q

what is ferritin

A

protein that stores iron and releases it in controlled manner

68
Q

what is transferrin

A

iron-binding protein, controls level of free iron in blood

69
Q

how is iron-deficiency anemia cured?

A

iron supplements

70
Q

it takes longer than _ month(s) to become anemic, so it will take more than _ month(s) to cure it

A

1, 1

71
Q

vitamin _ enhances iron absorption

A

C

72
Q

vitamin _ enhances iron absorption

A

C

73
Q

large doses of _____ or __________ can compete with iron for absorption

A

zinc, calcium

74
Q

animal sources contain 40% ______ iron

A

heme

75
Q

iron is found in which groups of MyPlate

A

protein, grains

76
Q

hemochromatosis

A

substantial increase in iron absorption from any source

77
Q

nonheme iron is less absorbable than _____ iron

A

heme

78
Q

what is the name of the protein that carries most of the body’s copper in the blood

A

ceruloplasmin

79
Q

copper is important for blood health because

A

it makes iron available for the formation of red blood cells

80
Q

copper is important for blood health because

A

it makes iron available for the formation of red blood cells

81
Q

list the two groups most likely to get copper deficiency

A

infants born preterm and people recovering from intestinal surgery

82
Q

copper and ______ compete with each other for absorption

A

zinc

83
Q

copper is best relied upon by consuming what form ?

A

food

84
Q

copper is best relied upon by consuming what form ?

A

food

85
Q

which food sources are poor for finding copper

A

milk, fruits, vegetables

86
Q

which food sources are poor for finding copper

A

milk, fruits, vegetables

87
Q

copper converts energy in carbs, fats, and proteins into ______

A

atp

88
Q

copper serves as a cofactor for superoxide __________

A

dismutase

89
Q

can copper deficiency occur with food

A

no

90
Q

what is wilson’s disease

A

liver cannot make ceruloplasmin

91
Q

which fatty acids are essential for formation of healthy cell membranes in the brain?

A

omega-3, omega-6, linoleic, alpha-linolenic

92
Q

iodine and ______ are vital during brain formation

A

iron

93
Q

what are the building blocks of neurotransmitters

A

amino acids

94
Q

the presence of _______-chain ______unsaturated fatty acids in human milk promotes cognitive development

A

long, poly

95
Q

which b vitamin is important for synthesis of neurotransmitters

A

b-6

NUTR 121 (11 decks)

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