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NUTR 121 > Chapter 12 Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

How do B vitamins play key roles in metabolism?

A

acting as coenzymes or cofactors

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2
Q

High bioavailability is characteristic of which vitamins?

A

B vitamins

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3
Q

What percentage of consumed B vitamins are absorbed?

A

50-90%

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4
Q

What is the nutritional health of North Americans regarding B vitamins?

A

adequate

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5
Q

Many common foods are _________ with one or more of the B vitamins

A

fortified

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6
Q

B vitamins are _____-soluble

A

water

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7
Q

What percentage of B vitamins are lost during food processing?

A

10-25%

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8
Q

Which cooking methods are best for preserving B vitamin content?

A

stir-frying, steaming, microwaving

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9
Q

B vitamin deficiency is likely to occur among what populations?

A

developing countries, older adults, people with inadequate dietary patterns, people with alcohol use disorders

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10
Q

The process of refining grains leads to what?

A

loss of B vitamins, other vitamins and minerals

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11
Q

Which parts of grains are lost during milling?

A

seeds, germ, bran, husk layers

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12
Q

What is remaining in refined grains?

A

starch-containing endosperm

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13
Q

What is lost in grains as a result of discarding seeds, germ, bran, and husk layers?

A

nutrients

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14
Q

What four B vitamins are refined grains enriched with to counteract nutrient losses?

A

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, along with iron

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15
Q

Are refined grain products as nutritious as whole grains?

A

no

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16
Q

What side effect is shown in short term loss of B vitamins?

A

fatigue

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17
Q

What side effects shown in long-term loss of B vitamins?

A

cardiovascular disease, cancers, cataracts

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18
Q

What is one of the primary functions of thiamin?

A

help release energy from carbohydrate

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19
Q

What is the coenzyme form of thiamin?

A

thiamin pyrophosphate

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20
Q

What does thiamin pyrophosphate do?

A

participates in reactions in which carbon dioxide is released during breakdowns of carbs and certain amino acids

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21
Q

Thiamin also functions in chemical reactions that make what?

A

RNA, DNA, neurotransmitters

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22
Q

What is thiamin-deficiency disease called?

A

beriberi

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23
Q

beriberi means

A

“I can’t, I can’t” in the Sri Lanka language of Sinhalese

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24
Q

Describe symptoms of beriberi

A

weakness, loss of appetite, irritability, nervous tingling, poor arm and leg coordination, deep muscle pain in calf, enlarged heart, severe edema.

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25
Q

Beriberi is prevalent in areas where _______ is a staple food

A

rice

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26
Q

Beriberi is likely to occur if an individual consumes _____ rice over ______ rice

A

white, brown

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27
Q

White rice in North America is usually enriched in _____

A

thiamin

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28
Q

Describe the process of how beriberi happens

A

when glucose (primary fuel for brain and nerve cells) cannot be metabolized to release energy because of the lack of thiamin

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29
Q

List the first signs of a thiamin deficiency

A

brain and nerve action, problems with functions that depend on glucose.

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30
Q

What is the relationship between alcohol abuse and thiamin?

A

absorption of thiamin is profoundly diminished and excretion is increased by alcohol

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31
Q

Beriberi associated with alcohol use disorders is also called what?

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

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32
Q

List other groups of people at risk of thiamin deficiency

A

older people, people with HIV, diabetes, people who have undergone bariatric surgery

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33
Q

Describe the intakes of thiamin for men and women

A

men exceed the DV by 50 percent or more, women meet the RDA.

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34
Q

What is the RDA of thiamin for men?

A

1.2 mg

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35
Q

What is the RDA of thiamin for women?

A

1.1 mg

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36
Q

What is the DV of thiamin?

A

1.2 mg

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37
Q

What is the Upper Level of thiamin?

A

none

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38
Q

Why is there no upper level for thiamin?

A

thiamin is rapidly lost in the urine and no toxicity has been observed from the use of oral thiamin supplements

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39
Q

List major sources of thiamin

A

pork products, wheat germ, ready to eat breakfast cereals, enriched grains and flours, green beans, milk, orange juice, organ meats, peanuts, dried beans, seeds

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40
Q

Which sections of MyPlate has the most thiamin?

A

protein and grain

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41
Q

Refined grain products remain lower in what nutrients?

A

Vitamins E and B-6, potassium, magnesium, fiber

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42
Q

Where does riboflavin derive its name from?

A

yellow color, flavus means yellow in Latin

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43
Q

What are the coenzyme forms of riboflavin?

A

flavin dinucleotide and flavin mononucleotide

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44
Q

What do flavin dinucleotide and flavin mononucleotide do?

A

participate in many energy-yielding metabolic pathways, such as the breakdown of fatty acids.

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45
Q

Some metabolism of vitamins and minerals require _________

A

riboflavin

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46
Q

What role does riboflavin indirectly have?

A

antioxidant role through its support of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase.

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47
Q

List symptoms of ariboflavinosis

A

inflammation of the mouth and tongue, dermatitis, eye disorders, sun sensitivity, confusion.

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48
Q

Why does riboflavin deficiency occur with deficiencies of niacin, thiamin, and vitamin B-6?

A

these nutrients often occur in the same foods.

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49
Q

What is glossitis?

A

soreness or inflammation of the tongue

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50
Q

What does glossitis signal?

A

a deficiency of riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, folate, or vitamin B-12

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51
Q

What is angular cheilitis?

A

inflammation of the corners of the mouth that may cause painful cracking

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52
Q

Are daily intakes of riboflavin above the RDA?

A

yes

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53
Q

Why do people with alcohol use disorders risk riboflavin deficiency?

A

their eating patterns have low nutrient density

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54
Q

List people at risk for riboflavin deficiency

A

vegetarian athletes, vegan diets, women who are pregnant

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55
Q

What is the Upper intake level for riboflavin?

A

none

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56
Q

Why is there no UL for riboflavin?

A

no observable symptoms indicate riboflavin taken in megadose levels

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57
Q

Because we excrete excess riboflavin, riboflavin can cause the urine to become bright __________

A

yellow

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58
Q

What is the RDA of riboflavin for men and women?

A

men—1.3 mg, women—1.1 mg

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59
Q

what is the DV of riboflavin

A

1.3 mg

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60
Q

angular cheilitis is also called?

A

cheilosis or angular stomatitis

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61
Q

Which sections of MyPlate contain the most nutrient-dense sources of riboflavin?

A

grains, dairy, protein groups

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62
Q

List food sources of riboflavin

A

breakfast cereals, milk, dairy products, enriched grains, meat, and eggs

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63
Q

List vegetable sources of riboflavin

A

asparagus, broccoli, various greens

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64
Q

riboflavin is destroyed by _______

A

light

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65
Q

riboflavin can be produced by bacteria in the __________ intestine

A

large

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66
Q

more riboflavin is absorbed after consumption of ________-based foods compared to _________-based foods

A

vegetable, meat

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67
Q

Niacin functions in body as one of what two related compounds?

A

nicotinic acid and nicotinamide

68
Q

what are the coenzyme forms of niacin?

A

nicotinamide dinucleotide or nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate

69
Q

Niacin cofactors are used in generating energy by burning ______ and ______

A

carbs, fat

70
Q

Nicotinic acid is said to what?

A

lower blood lipids including LDL cholestrol

71
Q

the group of niacin-deficiency symptoms is known as _______

A

pellagra

72
Q

symptoms of pellagra are what?

A

dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, death

73
Q

pellagra was prevalent in populations that consumed _____

A

corn

74
Q

niacin in corn is bound by a protein that ________ its absorption

A

inhibits

75
Q

soaking corn in an alkaline solution _________ niacin and renders it _______ bioavailable

A

releases, more

76
Q

list people at risk of pellagra

A

chronic alchool use disorders, poverty, malnutriition, disorders of tryptophan metabolism

77
Q

we can synthesize about _____ percent of niacin required each day from amino acid ____________

A

50, tryptophan

78
Q

___ mg of tryptophan yields about _ mg of niacin

A

60, 1

79
Q

___ mg of tryptophan yields about _ mg of niacin

A

60, 1

80
Q

Synthesis of niacin from tryptophan requires what other two vitamins to act as cofactors?

A

riboflavin and vitamin B-6

81
Q

list the rda of Niacin for men

A

16 mg

81
Q

list the rda of Niacin for women

A

14 mg

82
Q

list the dv for niacin

A

16 mg

83
Q

list the UL for niacin (nicotinic acid)

A

35 mg

84
Q

describe the intakes of niacin by adults

A

double the RDA, not including the contribution from tryptophan

85
Q

Which MyPlate section is the best source of niacin?

A

protein

86
Q

list food sources of niacin

A

tuna, fish, poultry, peanuts, cereals, beef, asparagus, coffee, tea

87
Q

niacin is ____ stable; ______ is lost in cooking

A

heat, little

88
Q

list side effects of too much niacin

A

headache, itching, increased blood flow

89
Q

what level is too much niacin?

A

above 100 mg per day.

90
Q

what parts of the body could be damaged by too much niacin?

A

gi tract and liver

91
Q

megadoses of niacin are recommended for what>

A

cardiovascular disease

92
Q

what is pantothenic acid required for?

A

synthesis of coenzyme A

93
Q

what is coenzyme A?

A

a coenzyme in chemical reactions that allow the release of energy from carbs, lipids, proteins. it also activates fatty acids

94
Q

what does pantothen mean in Greek?

A

from every side

95
Q

is pantothenic acid deficiency rare?

A

yes

96
Q

who might have pantothenic acid deficiency?

A

those with alcohol use disorders and nutrient-deficient eating patterns.

97
Q

what is the AI for pantothenic acid?

A

5 mg

98
Q

what are the richest sources of pantothenic acid?

A

every food group, sunflower seeds, mushrooms, peanuts, eggs, meat, milk, vegetables

99
Q

is there observable toxicity set for pantothenic acid?

A

no

100
Q

vitamin b-6 is a family of _______ structurally similar compounds

A

three

101
Q

what is the active vitamin B-6 coenzyme?

A

pyridoxal phosphate

102
Q

what are the coenzyme forms of b-6 needed for

A

activity of enzymes involved in carb, protein, lipid metabolism

103
Q

list symptoms of vitamin b-6 deficiency

A

depression, vomiting, skin disorders, nerve irritation, anemia, impaired immune response.

104
Q

athletes may need slightly more ___________ ____ than sedentary adults

A

vitamin b-6

105
Q

athletes may need slightly more ___________ ____ than sedentary adults

A

vitamin b-6

106
Q

why do athletes need more b-6?

A

their bodies process large quantities of glycogen and protein

107
Q

what is the RDA of b-6 for both men and women?

A

1.3 mg

108
Q

what is the UL for b-6

A

100 mg

109
Q

what is the DV of b-6

A

1.7 mg

110
Q

list sources of b-6

A

animal products, cereals, vegetables, fruits

111
Q

which section of myplate offers the most b-6

A

protein

112
Q

_____ products contain more bioavailable b-6 than _________ products

A

meat, plant

113
Q

B-6 is rather ______; ______ and ______ can destroy it

A

unstable, heating, freezing

114
Q

describe symptoms of b-6 toxicity

A

walking difficulties, hand and foot tingling/numbness, skin lesions, photosensitivity, nausea, heartburn.

115
Q

what does biotin do?

A

assists in the addition of carbon dioxide to other compounds; important for synthesizing glucose/fatty acids and breaking down amino acids.

116
Q

list people at risk of biotin deficiency

A

people with genetic disorders that prevent biotin being released, people with chronic alcohol exposure, pregnant and breastfeeding women

117
Q

list symptoms of biotin deficiency

A

loss of hair, scaly skin inflammation, tongue and lip changes, brittle nails, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, anemia, depression, muscle pain, poor growth

118
Q

list the AI and DV for biotin

A

30 micrograms

119
Q

is there a UL for biotin?

A

no

120
Q

list good sources of biotin

A

protein, egg yolks, peanuts, cheese

121
Q

how can we get biotin from eggs?

A

cooking them

122
Q

why can we not absorb biotin from raw egg whites?

A

biotin is abound to avidin which inhibits absorption, cooking denatures avidin

123
Q

what does iodine do

A

thyroid hormones are synthesized using iodine and tyrosine.

124
Q

how does goiter happen?

A

a person’s iodine intake is insufficient and their thyroid gland enlarges to take up more iodine from the bloodstream

125
Q

what happens to a woman’s baby if she is iodine-deficient?

A

the fetus will suffer iodine deficiency; this is known as congenital hypothyroidism

126
Q

what is the RDA and DV for iodine

A

150 micrograms

127
Q

most North Americans consume how much iodine per day?

A

190-300 micrograms

128
Q

sea salt and kosher salt are not _______

A

iodized

129
Q

what is the UL for iodine

A

1100 micrograms

130
Q

what happens if high amounts of iodine are consumed?

A

thyroid hormone synthesis is limited

131
Q

what does chromium do?

A

enhances the function of insulin, metabolism of lipids and proteins

132
Q

list symptoms of chromium deficiency

A

impaired blood glucose control, elevated blood cholesterol and triglycerides

133
Q

list sources of chromium

A

meat, whole grain products, eggs, mushrooms, nuts, beer, spices, brewer’s yeast

134
Q

what percentage of chromium is absorbed?

A

.4-2.5%

135
Q

how is absorption of chromium enhanced?

A

vitamin C and niacin

136
Q

where is chromium stored?

A

liver, spleen, soft tissue, bone

137
Q

does a UL for chromium exist?

A

no

138
Q

how does chromium toxicity happen?

A

people exposed to industrial waste, and in painters who use art supplies with high chromium content

139
Q

what is the DV of chromium

A

35 micrograms

140
Q

what are the symptoms of chromium toxicity?

A

liver damage and lung cancer

141
Q

what percentage of manganese is found in bone

A

25-40%

142
Q

what other mineral does manganese substitute with in metabolic processes

A

magnesium

143
Q

what does manganese do?

A

a cofactor for the synthesis of glucose and metabolism of amino acids

144
Q

how would manganese deficiency happen in humans

A

being fed intravenously with solutions without manganese

145
Q

what happens to animals on manganese-deficient diets?

A

alterations in brain function, bone formation, and reproduction

146
Q

list good sources of manganese

A

nuts, rice, oats, whole grains, beans, leafy vegetables

147
Q

what is the UL for manganese

A

11 mg

148
Q

people with _____ iron stores should avoid ____________ supplements

A

low, manganese

149
Q

what does molybdenum do?

A

metabolism of amino acids that contain sulfur

150
Q

how can one be molybdenum-deficient

A

being fed intravenously without molybdenum

151
Q

describe symptoms of molybdenum deficiency

A

increased heart/respiratory rates, night blindness, mental confusion, edema, weakness

152
Q

list good sources of molybdenum

A

milk and dairy products, beans, whole grains, nuts

153
Q

what is the RDA and DV of molybdenum

A

45 micrograms

154
Q

what is the UL of molybdenum

A

2000 micrograms

155
Q

toxicity risk of molybdenum in humans is quite _____

A

low

156
Q

what are the symptoms of molybdenum toxicity

A

weight loss and decreased growth

157
Q

describe functions of choline

A

cell membrane formation, nerve function/brain development, lipid transport

158
Q

list good sources of choline

A

soybeans, egg yolks, beef, cauliflower, almonds, peanuts.

159
Q

what is the UL for choline

A

3500 mg

160
Q

can choline be synthesized in the body?

A

yes, by using other nutrients like folate and methionine

161
Q

how much does the AI for choline during pregnancy and breast feeding increase?

A

450 mg to 550 mg

162
Q

what is the AI of choline for men?

A

550 mg

163
Q

what is the AI of choline for women?

A

425 mg

164
Q

what is the DV of choline?

A

550 mg

165
Q

exceeding the choline UL will result in what?

A

fishy body odor and low blood pressure

NUTR 121 (11 decks)

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