Exam Flashcards
List the 7 main characteristics common to life.
R.H. CAGER
R.H. CAGER stands for: Reproduction, Homeostasis, Cellular organization, Adaptation, Growth and development, Energy processing, and Response to stimuli.
Define and give examples of homeostasis.
Homeostasis is the process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Examples include temperature regulation, pH balance, and hydration levels.
Describe what ‘Abiogenesis’ means and give the other more common name for this theory.
‘Abiogenesis’ refers to the theory that life arose naturally from non-living matter. The more common name for this theory is ‘spontaneous generation.’
Describe the experiment that each scientist conducted: Redi, Needham, Spallanzani, Pasteur.
Redi: Demonstrated that maggots do not arise from decaying meat.
Needham: Claimed that microorganisms could arise spontaneously in boiled broth.
Spallanzani: Showed that boiled broth did not develop microorganisms when sealed.
Pasteur: Proved that microorganisms in the air caused contamination in broth.
List the two main principles of the ‘Cell Theory’.
- All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of life.
Give the function of the Revolving Nose Piece.
The Revolving Nose Piece holds and allows the rotation of objective lenses.
Give the function of the Condenser Diaphragm.
The Condenser Diaphragm regulates the amount of light that reaches the specimen.
What is meant by the ‘limit of resolution’?
The limit of resolution is the smallest distance between two points that can still be distinguished as separate.
For low power, what is the power of the ocular lens, the power of the objective lens, and the total power?
- Ocular lens: 10X
- Objective lens: 4X
- Total power: 40X
For high power, what is the power of the ocular lens, the power of the objective lens, and the total power?
- Ocular lens: 10X
- Objective lens: 40X
- Total power: 400X
For medium power, what is the power of the ocular lens, the power of the objective lens, and the total power?
- Ocular lens: 10X
- Objective lens: 10X
- Total power: 100X
What is the total power of a microscope with an ocular (15X) and an objective (20X)?
Total power is 300X.
How many millimeters are in a cm?
There are 10 millimeters in a cm.
How many micrometers (um) are in a millimeter?
There are 1,000 micrometers in a millimeter.
How many micrometers (um) are in a cm?
There are 10,000 micrometers in a cm.
The field of view is 4.5 mm, how many um is this?
4.5 mm is 4,500 um.
If the field of view is 2.2 mm, how many um long is the specimen?
2.2 mm is 2,200 um.
What is the drawing magnification for the drawing to the right?
Drawing magnification is calculated based on the ocular and objective lens used.
What are the basic building blocks for proteins?
Amino acids.
What are the basic building blocks for DNA?
Nucleotides.
List the three major nutrient groups.
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Fats
How many different amino acids are there?
There are 20 different amino acids.
Write out the proper name of DNA.
Deoxyribonucleic acid.
What three molecules bond together to make up a single nucleotide?
- A phosphate group
- A sugar molecule
- A nitrogenous base
What term is used to most accurately describe the shape of a DNA molecule?
Double helix.
DNA is usually found wrapped around small proteins called Histones, this then forms a long string called what?
Chromatin.
This string-like substance bunches up to form X-shaped structures just before cell division. What are these X-shaped structures called?
Chromosomes.
How many of these X-shaped structures are found in a human diploid cell?
46 chromosomes.
How many of these X-shaped structures are found in a haploid human cell?
23 chromosomes.
Describe what a gene is.
A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a protein.
Compare and contrast Purines vs. Pyrimidines.
Purines: double-ring structure (Adenine, Guanine)
Pyrimidines: single-ring structure (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil).
Name the four different nitrogenous bases, and classify which category they fit in.
- Purines: Adenine, Guanine
- Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Thymine
What type of bond forms between complementary bases?
Hydrogen bonds.
For the following strand of DNA, give the complementary strand: A C G T T T A G C C G A T T A A G A G C A T A
T G C A A A T C G G C T A A T T C T C G T A T.
Describe the process of replication, and where does it take place?
Replication is the process of copying DNA before cell division, occurring in the nucleus.
During protein synthesis, Translation and Transcription takes place, describe what each process is and where each takes place.
- Transcription: synthesis of mRNA from DNA in the nucleus.
- Translation: synthesis of proteins from mRNA in the cytoplasm.
Using a phylogenetic tree, how closely related is the ‘cytochrome C’ of a dog and a pig?
The phylogenetic tree shows the evolutionary relationships between species.
Which shows the closest genetic relationship? Pig ⇄ Donkey, Pig ⇄ Dog, or Horse ⇄ Dog.
Pig ⇄ Dog shows the closest genetic relationship.
Which is most closely related? Silkworm ⇄ Fruit fly, Fruit fly ⇄ Hornworm, or Hornworm ⇄ Silkworm.
Fruit fly ⇄ Hornworm is most closely related.
List and describe at least 5 studies/topics that provide evidence to support evolution.
- Fossil records
- Comparative anatomy
- Molecular biology
- Biogeography
- Embryology
List and describe the three main categories of ‘Adaptations’.
- Structural adaptations: physical features
- Behavioral adaptations: actions taken by organisms
- Physiological adaptations: internal processes
Give an example of all three adaptations for an animal.
- Structural: camouflage
- Behavioral: migration
- Physiological: venom production
Give an example of all three adaptations for a plant.
- Structural: thorns
- Behavioral: phototropism
- Physiological: drought resistance
What is the name of the theory that Darwin used to explain evolution, what is its more common name?
Natural Selection, also known as ‘Survival of the Fittest.’
What is the name of the theory that Lamarck used to explain evolution?
Lamarckism.
Compare and contrast each theory.
- Darwinism: based on natural selection and adaptation.
- Lamarckism: based on inheritance of acquired characteristics.
Describe the contributions of Charles Lyell.
Lyell contributed to the idea of uniformitarianism, suggesting that geological processes are uniform over time.
Describe the contributions of Thomas Malthus.
Malthus proposed that population growth would outpace food supply, leading to competition and survival challenges.
Describe the contributions of Artificial Selection.
Artificial selection is the process by which humans breed organisms for desired traits, demonstrating selective pressures.
List the main factors that must be established for Natural Selection to work.
- Variation in traits
- Differential survival and reproduction
- Heritability of traits
List the three main ways that Natural Selection can change a population.
- Stabilizing selection
- Directional selection
- Disruptive selection
Describe the case of natural selection known as ‘Industrial Melanism’.
Industrial Melanism refers to the phenomenon where darker-colored organisms become more common due to pollution.
Who is the father of genetics?
Gregor Mendel.
Define the following: A) Phenotype B) Allele C) Genotype D) Meiosis E) Homozygous F) Segregation G) Heterozygous I) Crossover.
- A) Phenotype: observable traits
- B) Allele: variant form of a gene
- C) Genotype: genetic makeup
- D) Meiosis: cell division producing gametes
- E) Homozygous: same alleles
- F) Segregation: separation of alleles
- G) Heterozygous: different alleles
- H) Crossover: exchange of genetic material during meiosis
What two processes are most responsible for creating variation in a population?
- Mutation
- Sexual reproduction
Do punnett squares to show the F1 Generation for each cross: A) Heterozygous Black Rabbit X Heterozygous Black Rabbit.
Punnett square shows 25% BB, 50% Bb, 25% bb.
Do punnett squares to show the F1 Generation for each cross: B) Heterozygous Tall Pea Plant X Homozygous recessive.
Punnett square shows 50% Tt, 50% tt.
What type of crossing must have taken place to produce an F1 Generation consisting of 50% white rabbits to 50% Black rabbits, let black be dominant?
Cross between a homozygous black rabbit and a heterozygous black rabbit.
For the following data – give the A) Allelic Frequency, B) Genotypic Ratio and C) Phenotypic Ratio.
A) Allelic Frequency: ratio of alleles in a population
B) Genotypic Ratio: ratio of genotypes
C) Phenotypic Ratio: ratio of phenotypes.
Describe what ‘Genetic Equilibrium’ is.
Genetic Equilibrium is a state where allele frequencies in a population remain constant over generations.
List the 5 conditions that must be maintained for Genetic Equilibrium to be maintained.
- No mutations
- Random mating
- No natural selection
- Extremely large population size
- No gene flow
Describe what each is and give an example of how each could change the allelic frequencies in a gene pool: A) Differential Migration B) Genetic Drift.
- A) Differential Migration: different rates of migration can alter allele frequencies; example: a group of birds migrating to a new area.
- B) Genetic Drift: random changes in allele frequencies due to chance events; example: a natural disaster affecting a small population.
Compare and contrast the two categories of evolution: Divergence vs. Convergence.
- Divergence: species evolve different traits from a common ancestor.
- Convergence: different species evolve similar traits due to similar environments.
What category would ‘adaptive radiation’ fit into, and describe at least one example of adaptive radiation.
Adaptive radiation fits into divergence; example: Darwin’s finches evolved different beak shapes based on food sources.
Define the following: A) Species B) Population C) Speciation D) Niche E) Analogous Structures F) Homologous Structures.
- A) Species: group of similar organisms that can interbreed
- B) Population: group of individuals of the same species in a given area
- C) Speciation: process by which new species arise
- D) Niche: role of a species in its environment
- E) Analogous Structures: similar function, different evolutionary origin
- F) Homologous Structures: similar origin, different function
Describe the difference in views between Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium.
Gradualism posits that evolution occurs slowly and steadily, while Punctuated Equilibrium suggests that evolution occurs in rapid bursts followed by long periods of stability.
