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Block 2: Fundamentals of Medicine > Exam 1 Things > Flashcards

Exam 1 Things Flashcards

1
Q

Rate limiting enzyme in glycogenolysis

A

glycogen phosphorylase

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2
Q

Glycolysis occurs in

A

Cytosol

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3
Q

Calcium responsive element binding protein CREBP

A

Induces expression of insulin in the 2nd phase of release - the latest effect of insulin as GK increases

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4
Q

GLP-1 (glucagon like peptide 1)

A

An incretin; kinda to receptor on pancreatic beta cells and increases release of insulin

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5
Q

Why is soluble fiber good?

A

Forms a gel (making it functional fiber) which prevents reabsorprion of bile salts from the intestine/ return to the liver, lowering the serum LDL

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6
Q

GLUT2

A

Facilitated transporterdor brining monosaccharides into plasma down concentration gradient

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7
Q

Insulin synthesis

A

Comes from preproinsulin

Gets cleaves, C chain leaves. A and B held together by 2 thiols, thiol between chain A also

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8
Q

Insulin effect on K

A

Increases uptake of K via Na/K ATPase

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9
Q

Why does lactose intolerance lead to bad things?

A

Undigested lactose —> colon —> fermented to SCFA with gases —> water enters colon to reduce osmotic pressure —> diarrhea

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10
Q

glygogenin

A

in the absence of a preexisting glycogen polumer, will accept glucose from UDP-glucose

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11
Q

how does insulin relate to GSY?

A

insulin prevents GSY phosphorylation and increases dephosphorylation by activating protein phosphatase 1, and increasing GLUT4 membrane receptor levels

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12
Q

Enzyme that catalyses pyruvate to lactate

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

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13
Q

Insulin binding

A

Activates tyrosine kinase which phosphorylates intracellular proteins
Metabolic signal to GLUT4 and growth signal

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14
Q

Disaccharides are broken down (digested) by

A

Brush border enzymes located on microvilli of small intestine

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15
Q

ChREBP

Carbohydrate response element binding protein

A

Synergizes with SREBP1 for regulation of insulin gene expression

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16
Q

Phosphoglucase

A

Glucose-6-phosphate —> fructose-6-phosphate

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17
Q

phosophoglucomutase

A

glucose-6-P –> glucose-1-P

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18
Q

Glucagon binding

A

Binds to GPCR which activates cAMP which activates PKA (a ser/thr kinase)

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19
Q

what types of linkages does glycogen have?

A

alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6

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20
Q

What effects does fiber have on the body?

A
  1. Hormonal effects
  2. Intrinsic effects
  3. Colonic effects

Decrease body weight

21
Q

Pyruvate carboxylase

A

Pyruvate to OAA

22
Q

What is the function of the Malate aspartate shuttle?

A

Get OAA out of the mitochondria to generate NAD outside the mito; gets converted into aspartate and then back to OAA then malate

23
Q

where does glycogen synthesis occur?

A

mostly in the liver but also in the muscle
in the liver - prevents hypoglycemai
in the muscle - provides energy for muscle contraction

24
Q

GLUT1

A

High in RBC/BVs

Glucose uptAke by skeletal muscle and fat

25
Q

Glucagon

A

Made in alpha cells of pancreas
Stimulates synthesis and release of glucose *liver breaks down glycogen to release glucose into the blood
Stimulated by LOW blood glucose

26
Q

glycogen synthase (GYS)

A

extends 10-20 glucose primer by alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkages

27
Q

Na independent monosaccharide transport into enterocytes

A

Uses GLUT5 to bring fructose into the enterocyte thru facilitated diffusion

28
Q

SGLT-1 (Na dependent) monosaccharide transport into enterocytes

A

Transports glucose/galactose and 2 Na ions- coupled to Ana/K ATPase to pump Na out of the cell and K in

29
Q

Target genes of glucagon

A

PEPCK and glucose-6-phosphatase

30
Q

Protein phosphatase 1

A

Activated by insulin to inhibit glucagon stimulation

31
Q

PFK1

A

rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis!!!!

Fructose-6-p —> fructose-1,6-bisP

32
Q

GLUT2 allows glucose to enter

A

Pancreatic beta cells

33
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Sudden drop in plasma K due to too much insulin

34
Q

SREBP1

Steroid response element binding protein 1

A

Insulin regulation of gene expression:

GK, PK, FA synthase, Glu-6-P dehydrogenase

35
Q

2,3-bisphosphoglucerate BPG

A

Bound by Hb; lowers affinity for O2

More BPG means more O2 gets delivered to tissues (higher concentrations in higher altitude areas)

36
Q

Insulin

A

Made in beta calls of pancreas
Inhibits synthesis and release of glucose
Induced by hyperglycemia
*liver cells take up glucose and store as glycogen

37
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1)

38
Q

UDP glucose phosphorylase

A

glucsose 1-P –> UDP-glucose

39
Q

malate dehydrogenase

A

malate –> OAA (generates NADH)

40
Q

Polysaccharides are broken down in the mouth by

A

Alpha amylase

41
Q

Epinephrine on metabolism

A

Stimulates glucose production and FA release

42
Q

A heart attack usually has High elevated

A

LDH1 (LDHB)

43
Q

branching enzyme

A

forms the branches in glycogen

44
Q

Phases of glycolysis

A

Prep phase: uses 2 ATP

ATP gen. Phase: makes 4 ATP

45
Q

PFK2

A

BFD because it has a kinase and phosphatase domain

46
Q

Insulin is released in 2 waves

A
  1. 1st phase - preloaded vesicles

2. 2nd phase - after expression of insulin gene via Calcium responsive element binding protein CREBP

47
Q

Insulin inhibition

A

Insulin binding —> PI3K and AKT activation —> FoXO phosphorylation —> exclusion from nucleus

In diabetes, liver is making lots of glucose and can’t get foxo out of nucleus

48
Q

3 irreversible steps of gluconeogenesis

A
  1. Pyruvate —> PEP via OAA
  2. Dephosphorylation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by FBPase 1
  3. dephosphorylation of glucose-1-P by G6Pase

Block 2: Fundamentals of Medicine (11 decks)

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