Exam 1 Study Guide (new) Flashcards
around the GI system
parenteral
through the GI system
enteral
parenteral routes
o intravenous (IV)
o subcutaneous (SC, SubQ)
o intramuscular (IM)
o intraosseous (IO) [administered injection entering a bone]
o buccal (cheek)
o sublingual (SL) [under tongue]
o rectal (PR)
o vaginal
o transdermal (TD)
o inhalation
o topical
o intranasal (IN)
o ophthalmic (eyes)
o otic (ears)
o intradermal (right under skin - i.e. TB)
fastest route in hospital setting
IV
(also PO)
fastest route
o PO (by mouth)
which route class has a quicker onset?
parenteral or enteral
parenteral will have a quicker onset versus enteral
o this is because parental meds does NOT have to go through the GI system
IV push vs. IV infusion
IV infusion is also known as IV drip
o administered slowly through IV pump or hanging
IV push
o meds directly pushed through an IV site (faster)
what are the only two interchangeable routes?
IO and IV
what are the local routes?
o topical
o otic (ears)
o ophthalmic (eyes)
where the IV contents are leaking and entering the local tissue
extravasation (infiltration)
refers to any provider order, not just medication
prescription
using medications for improving health
pharmacotherapeutics
how medications move through the body
pharmacokinetics
the way a drug affects changes in the body
pharmacodynamics
what a drug does that leads to the drugs desired effects
mechanism of action (MOA)
what the company markets the drug as
trade/brand name
a single pill or solution that contains multiple medications
combination drug
o most common classification of drugs
o have the same MOA as well as similar uses, side effects, and more
drug class
o FDA approved
o deemed safe for the public to regulate consumption
(cannot be given without a prescription in a hospital)
over the counter drugs (OTC)
how quickly the medication takes effect
onset
how long the medication lasts
(how long the effects last but meds could still stay in body longer)
duration
what the medication is used for
indications
a reduction in the medication by the liver for medications taken enterally
(only pertains to enteral meds)
first pass
protects the brain from potentially harmful entrants
blood-brain barrier
elimination from the body, primarily via the kidneys
excretion
what is the primary organ of elimination
kidney
metabolism or biosynthesis of a drug, primarily via the liver
(the way drugs are processed through the body)
metabolism
how long until the medication level drops by half
half-life
when a large dose is given to quickly bring the drug to therapeutic levels
loading dose
when a dose is given to maintain the current levels
maintenance dose
how strong a medication is
potency
how effective a medication is
efficacy
when a medication stimulates (promotes/activates) the effects of a receptor or substance
agonist
when a medication inhibits (blocks) the effects of a receptor or substance)
antagonist
when a medication is used for an effect other than what it is FDA approved for
off-label use
slow decrease of medication dose
taper
slow increase of a medication dose
titrate
applies only to drugs
no known drug allergies (NKDA)
applies to everything
no known allergies (NKA)
when a patient does not respond to a medication or treatment
refractory
an alert to not give the medication in the circumstance where it is unadvisable/cross-reactive
cannot be given if ….
do not give/proceed
contraindication
an alert of potential risk with a medication (highest risk)
black box warning
an alert to consider the risk versus benefit of a medication
consideration
has more than one dose in it (i.e insulin)
multi-dose vial (MDV)
the lowest concentration where the medication is effective (in bloodstream)
minimum effective concentration
concentration where the medication is toxic
toxic concentration
area between effective and toxic concentrations
therapeutic range
an unintended reaction to a medication
could be good or bad
side effects
an undesirable adverse reaction to a medication
(something you do not want)
adverse effect
when a set dose has decreased efficacy due to previous exposures
tolerance
substances that are taken for health that are not regulated by the FDA like medications are
complementary and alternative medications (CAM)
CAM examples
o echinacea: for cold and flu
o chamomile: for anxiety, insomnia, and other uses
o ginkgo: used for many purposes, most notably memory
o St. John’s Wart: used for mental health such as depression
o ginger: used for nausea
being considerate of costs in making medication decisions
- example: tylenol vs. acetaminophen
same drug but tylenol is 1/2 the price so be considerate and prescribe cheaper for clients
pharmacoeconomics
medications that cannot be crushed?
o enteric coated medications
o sustained release
o extended release
protects the stomach from the drug or the drug from the stomach
enteric coated
guidelines that affect an order
examples:
o withhold for systolic less than 90
o administer for a fever greater than 38 degrees celsius
parameters
valid medication order must include…?
o name
o dose
o route
o time (can be stat)
high risk for abuse and dependency
o drugs can be controlled regardless of whether or not they are narcotics
controlled substance
schedule I
o no federally approved medical use
o heroin
o marijuana
o LSD
o and more
schedule II
o approved medical use and the highest level risk of abuse and dependency
o hydromorphone
o fentanyl
o morphine
o and more
schedule III
o high risk for abuse and dependency but less than schedule I/II
o amphetamine
o pentobarbital
o and more
schedule IV
o relatively low risk of dependency and abuse
o benzodiazepines
o and more
schedule V
o lowest relative risk of abuse and dependency
o products containing small amounts of codeine
o toxic for pregnant women
o toxic to fetus
o should not be given to women who are trying to conceive or are pregnant
o pregnancy test should be done before prescribing medication
o client should also be prescribed birth control
teratogenic drugs
pain
analgesia
fever
antipyretic
