Exam 1 Study Guide: Goldstein Flashcards
parenteral routes absorbed through mucous membrane (MM)
buccal
sublingual
rectal (PR)
vaginal
intravenous (IV)
subcutaneous (SC, sub-q)
intramuscular (IM)
intraosseous (IO)
Parenteral routes
100% interchangeable with another route such as IV
intraosseous (IO)
absorbed through the skin going into circulation
transdermal (TD)
into the nose
intranasal (IN)
absorbed through the skin - localized
topical
into the eyes
ophthalmic
into the ears
otic
just beneath the skin
TB
intradermal
oral (PO)
nasogastric tube (NG)
orogastric tube (OG)
oral disintegrating tablets (ODT)
enteral routes
will have the quickest onset
parenteral
using medications for improving health
pharmacotherapeutics
how medications move through the body
pharmacokinetics
the way a drug effects changes in the body
pharmacodynamics
what a drug does that leads to the drugs desired effects
mechanism of action (MOA)
what the company markets the drug as
what the public uses
trade/brand name
what is most often used in healtchare
generic name
a single pill or solution that contains multiple medications
i.e Nyquil - vicodin
combination drug
drugs that are FDA approved and deemed safe for the public to regulate consumption
low risk to general public
OTC
how quickly the medication takes effect
onset
how long the medication lasts
duration
what the medication is used for
indications
how long unil the medication level drops by half
half-life
when a large dose is given to quickly, bringing the drug to therapeutic levels
loading dose
example of a loading and maintenance dose
z-pack
zethromicine
when a dose is given to maintain the current levels
maintenance dose
how strong a medication is
potency
how effective a medication is
most effective
efficacy
when a medication stimulates the effects of a receptor or substance
activates
agonist
examples of agonists
heroin-opioid receptors
serotonin 5-HT agonist
when a medication inhibits the effects of a receptor or a substance
deactivates
antagonist
examples of antagonist
NSAIDs
narcan
acetamenophine
beta blocker
when a medication is used for an effect other than what it is FDA approved for
off-label use
slow discontinuation of medication
taper
slow increase of medication
titrate
applies only to drugs, does not provide information on latex, shellfish, or any other allergies
NKDA
no known drug allergies
applies to everything
NKA
no known allergies
is when a patient does not respond to a medication or treatment
refractory
an alert of potential risk with a medication
black box warning
an alert to consider the risk versus benefit of a medication
consideration
an alert to not give the medication in the circumstance where it is contraindicated
contraindication
a vial that has more than one dose in it
i.e. insulin
multi-dose vial (MDV)
the lowest concentration where the medication is effective
minimum effective concentration
the concentration where the medication is toxic
toxic concentration
the area between effective and toxic concentrations
therapeutic range
substances that are taken for health that are not regulated like medications by the FDA
Complementary and Alternative Medications (CAM)
examples of CAM
ginger, hawthorn, garlic, turmeric, honey, etc.
being considerate of costs in making medication decisions
pharmacoeconomics
what factors of absorption impact the delivery of the medication
blood flow
route
etc.
no federally approved medical uses
no legit medical purpose
ex: heroin, marijuana, LSD, etc.
Schedule 1
approved medical use and the highest level risk of abuse and dependency
ex: hydromorphone, fentanyl, morphine, etc.
Schedule 2
high risk for abuse and dependency but less than I/II
ex: amphetamine, pentobarbital, etc.
Schedule 3
relatively low risk of dependency and abuse
ex: benzodiazepines, etc.
Schedule 4
lowest relative risk of abuse and dependency
products containing small amounts of codeine
Schedule 5
if patient says the meds aren’t working, what do you do?
ask “how are you taking your meds?”
check respiration rate and respiratory depth for?
opioid distress
what are the 4 drug classes?
opioid agonists/antagonists
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
NSAID: COX 2 inhibitors
Central acting antagonists
opioid agonists drugs
fentanyl
hydromorphone (dilaudid)
morphine
codeine
what drug is used to reverse in cases of respiratory depression?
Naloxone (narcan)
example of a combination medication with acetaminophen?
Vicodin (hydrocodone and acetaminophen)
considered an opioid by some sources and non-opioid analgesic in others?
tramadol (ultram)
NSAID drugs
ibuprofen (advil, motrin): OTC
ketrolac (torodol): Rx
meoxicam (mobic): Rx
naproxen (aleve): OTC
Aspirin
what is opioid used for?
pain
codeine (cough)
SE/AE for opioid agonists
respiratory depression
constipation
nausea
sedation
what is NSAID used for?
anti-inflammatory
analgesia
antipyretic
SE/AE for NSAIDs
GI bleeding
nephrotoxicity
hepatotoxicity
aspirin is not to be used in childrent under 18yo due to risk of what?
Reye’s Syndrome
what NSAID medication is the only one used for tinnitus?
Aspirin
NSAID: COX - 2 inhibitors drug
celecoxib (celebrex)
what is NSAID: COX-2 inhibitor used for?
anti-inflammatory in RA and OA
Central Acting Antagonist drug
Acetaminophen (tylenol) - not an anti-inflammatory
what is central acting antagonist drugs used for?
analgesia and antipyretic
what is used to reverse acetaminophen overdose?
N-Acetylcysteine
