exam 1 slides 3 and 4

Question 1

Cellulose is made up of

Answer 1

• Carbohydrate (C,H,0)
  – Monomer = glucose
  – Repeating glucose subunits
  – Beta linkages between glucose monomers

Question 2

what is diifrent from cellulose and starch ( cellulose)

Answer 2

-Found in plant cell walls
* Repeating glucose monomers
* Beta linkages
* Not digestible by humans

Question 3

starch=

Answer 3

amylose

Question 4

how is starch diff from cellulose

Answer 4

-Not found in plant cell walls
* Repeating glucose monomers
* Alpha linkages
* Amylase in humans breaks
down starch

Question 5

Plant Cell Wall have what 3 things

Answer 5

microfibrils
macrofibrils
pectins

Question 6

microfibril

Answer 6

bundles of cellulose molecules

Question 7

macrofibrils

Answer 7

ropelike twists of microfibrils

Question 8

what does pectin do for plant cell walls

Answer 8

Pectins hold the microfibrils together

Question 9

All plant cells have what type of walls

Answer 9

primary cell wall

Question 10

what are primary cell walls

Answer 10

-The first formed cell wall
* Not particularly rigid
-Quite porous (like a sponge)
means not selectively permeable (water and dissolved substances flow through easily

Question 11

A) Primary Cell Wall function

Answer 11

-Cells can continue to grow and divide if they have primary walls only (no secondary walls

Question 12

B) Secondary Cell Wall which cells have them and where are they located

Answer 12

-Some plant cells have secondary cell walls in
addition to primary cell walls
-In general, plant cells with secondary cell walls
cannot grow and divide any more
-Laid down to the inside of the primary wall by
a living cell (cell often dies afterwards)

Question 13

anatomy of secondary plant cell wall

Answer 13

More rigid than primary wall
* No pectins

Question 14

Lignin often deposited in

Answer 14

secondary cell walls

Question 15

what are lignins
and how do yk it is lignin
and what does lignin do

Answer 15

– Stains red with phloroglucinol-HCl
– A complex polymer
– Decay resistant
– Adds rigidity
– Water proofing
– It restricts communication and is a barrier to
water flow

Question 16

Middle Lamella

Answer 16

.The region where cells and cell walls are in
contact
* Contains pectin and cements cells together
* It is permeable to water and dissolved
substances

Question 17

pits
what does it do
where is it located or when do cells have them
and what is it made of

Answer 17

-For cells with secondary walls, these are
regions where there is no secondary wall
• Just primary wall and the middle lamella
present
• Transport from one cell to the next occurs
through pits
• Water and dissolved substances pass easily
through pits

Question 18

Pit membrane is made of =

Answer 18

Middle lamella plus the primary cell walls of the
adjacent cells

Question 19

Plant Tissues

Answer 19

Groups of cells with similar functions

Question 20

Main types of plant tissues:

Answer 20

Meristematic
Non-meristematic

Question 21

Meristematic

Answer 21

Comprised of cells that are actively dividing or
retain the capacity to divide

Question 22

Non-meristematic

Answer 22

Cells that are not actively dividing.

Question 23

the three non-meristematic simple tissues

Answer 23

a. Parenchyma
b. Collenchyma
c. Sclerenchyma

Question 24

Simple tissues

Answer 24

compromised of one cell type

Question 25

complex tissues

Answer 25

compromised with more than one cell type

Question 26

Parenchyma tissue made of what cells

Answer 26

parenchyma cells

Question 27

paranchyma tissue
-what type of palnt cells are they found in
-anatomy
-does it stain if not or if so why

Answer 27

– Typical plant cell
– Thin primary wall
– No secondary wall
– The cell walls do not stain red with phloroglucinol-
HCl

Question 28

function of parenchyma cells

Answer 28

-– The cells can grow and divide but that is not their
main role
-Photosynthesis in chloroplasts
-Storage
-E.g. Starch stored in amyloplasts in potato
parenchyma cells

Question 29

what is specialized for Photosynthesis in chloroplasts in parenchyma cells

Answer 29

Chlorenchyma is parenchyma specialized for
photosynthesis

Question 30

Collenchyma tissue=collenchyma cells

-anatomy
-does it stain if not or if so why
-how do yk it is that type of cell
-main example
-secondary wall or primary wall???

Answer 30

Unevenly thickened primary walls
– No secondary cell wall
– The cell walls do not stain red with phloroglucinol-
HCl
– The cells are thickened in the corners because the
primary walls are thickened in the corners
– Can be somewhat square-shaped
– E.g. Celery stalks (petioles)

Question 31

Functions of Collenchyma Cells

Answer 31

-Provide support in regions that are actively
growing or could still be actively growing
* Provide support in regions where there is still
flexibility

Question 32

c. Sclerenchyma tissue = sclerenchyma cells

-anatomy
-does it stain if not or if so why
-how do yk it is that type of cell
-main example
-secondary wall or primary wall???

Answer 32

– Have primary and secondary walls
– Skleros
– Contain lignin
– The cell walls stain red with phloroglucinol-HCl

Question 33

Skleros

Answer 33

hardned

Question 34

Types of Sclerenchyma

Answer 34

1.Fibers
2. Sclereids
-Asterosclereids

Question 35

fibers
-how do they look
-are they living or dead
-function
-does it stain

Answer 35

– They are longer than they are wide
– They are typically dead
– They end up having a lumen where the cytoplasm
was
– A large portion of the secondary wall is
strengthened with lignin
– The cell walls stain red with phloroglucinol-HCl
– Important for strength and support

Question 36

2. Sclereids
   -how do they look
   -are they living or dead
   -“function”
   -does it stain

Answer 36

-They are typically dead
– They have a lumen where the cytoplasm was
– A large portion of the secondary wall is strengthened
with lignin
– The cell walls stain red with phloroglucinol-HCl
– They are either isodiametric
* E.g Pear stone cells
– or of various shapes
* E.g. Asterosclereids

Question 37

isodiametric

Answer 37

= of equal diameters all
around

Question 38

Roles of Sclereids

Answer 38

– Main roles are mechanical support and protection
* May help to deter herbivory e.g. asterosclereids
* In seed coats of many species e.g. legumes
* The tough endocarp layer of coconuts

Question 39

Asterosclereids

Answer 39

May Deter Herbivores

Question 40

Asterosclereids in Water Lily Leaves

Answer 40

Keep the leaves tough yet pliable and able to
withstand forces of waves