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botany > exam 1 slide 5 and 6 > Flashcards

exam 1 slide 5 and 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Complex Tissues

A

Comprised of More
than one Cell Type

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2
Q

complex tissue types

A

a. Epidermis
b. Xylem
c. Phloem
d. Periderm
e. Secretory

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3
Q

a. Epidermis
-where is it
-how large is it
-are there hairs if there are what type of hairs

A

– Outermost layer of cells on plant organs (e.g.
leaves, roots, stems)
– Usually one cell thick
– Hairs are often present
* Trichomes
.Root hairs

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4
Q

Trichomes

A

hairs on stems, leaves and other above
ground structures that are projections of epidermal
cells or a number of epidermal cells

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5
Q

Root hairs

A

extensions of epidermal cells

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6
Q

Upper Epidermis of Tobacco Leaf

-whats on it and what are there functions

A

Waxy Cuticle on Surface
* Epidermal Cells
* Stomatal Guard Cells
– Water and gases pass
through stomates
* Hairs = glandular trichomes

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7
Q

Tradescantia Leaf Epidermis

have what

A

.Trichomes
* Regular epidermal
cells
* Guard cells
* Subsidiary cells

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8
Q

Xylem

roles

A

– Water and mineral conduction (transport)
* Transport is upwards and sideways
– Support
– Some storage

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9
Q

Components of Xylem:

A

-Xylem parenchyma cells
-fibers
-conducting components
-vessels
-tracheids
rays of parenchyma in wood

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10
Q

fibers in xylem is used for

A

support

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11
Q

the xylem parenchyma cells are used for

A

storage

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12
Q

what make vessels diffrent from tracheid

A

-Long tubes made up of
vessel elements (cells)
* Can be open-ended or have
bar-like strips at the end
walls = perforation plates
* Can have pits in side walls

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13
Q

what makes tracheids diffrent form

A

.Narrower
* Tapered at the ends
* Pits in end walls and
side walls

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14
Q

what do Vessels and Tracheids both have

A
  • Both have primary and secondary walls
  • Both have lignin in the secondary walls that
    stains red with phloroglucinol-HCl
  • Both are dead at maturity
  • At maturity, the cells have no cytoplasm and
    are empty
  • Both have pits or ring-like thickenings or other
    patterns of lignin in secondary walls
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15
Q

Phloem

what do they do

A

-Transport of dissolved “food” = carbohydrates
* Direction of transport is up & down and sideways
* Source sink relationships determine direction of
transport in phloem

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16
Q

From a source of
carbohydrate

A

-Photosynthesizing leaves
* Other sites of
photosynthesis
* Underground storage
structures that are
exporting (e.g. bulbs in
spring)
* Mature structures that are
exporting

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17
Q

To a sink for carbohydrates

A
  • Growing leaves
  • Growing fruits
  • Growing flowers
  • Growing buds
  • Developing roots
  • Developing, importing
    underground storage
    structures
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18
Q

Components of Phloem:

A

-Phloem parenchyma cells = storage
* Fibers for support
* Conducting components
– Sieve tube cells
– Companion cells
* Rays of parenchyma in wood

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19
Q

both Sieve Tube Cells and Companion Cells

A
  • Both have primary walls only
  • They do not stain red with phloroglucinol-HCl
  • Both are alive at maturity
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20
Q

Sieve tube cells (elements) are diff because

A

-Lack a nucleus
* Wider in diameter
* Sites of transport
* Have sieve plates at end
walls

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21
Q

Companion cells are diffrent bcuz

A

-Have a nucleus
* Narrower in diameter
* Aid the transport process

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22
Q

Xylem in
Cone Bearing Trees (Gymnosperms)

A

Xylem = tracheids only, no vessels, no fibers
– Cone-bearing trees = softwoods

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23
Q

only diff in phloem from xylem in gymnosperm

A

Phloem has albuminous cells instead of
companion cells, but is otherwise similar to xylem

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24
Q

Periderm where to find them

A

outer bark of woody plants

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25
Q

Periderm is made of what and what are some of its roles

A

-Phelloderm
* Cork cambium (phellogen) = source of cells
* Cork cells

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26
Q

how do cork cells work in periderm

A

– Dead at maturity
– Have fatty suberin in cell walls for waterproofing

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27
Q

Secretory tissue that releases

A

-Nectar (from flowers and leaves)
– Oils (e.g. citrus oils)
– Resins (e.g. from conifers)
– Waxes
– Poisons
– Latex (e.g. Norway maple, Poinsettia)
– Enzymes
– Mucilage (glue) e.g. Sundews

28
Q
A
29
Q

gymnosperm are diff cause

A
  • “Naked” seeds
  • Have seeds but not in fruits
  • Seeds often in cones
  • No flowers
30
Q

Angiosperm diff cause

A

-“Vessel” seeds
* Seeds are in fruits
* Flowers
-monocot
-dicots

31
Q

Monocots (monocotyledonous)

A

one cotyledon (one seed “leaf”)

32
Q

Dicots (dicotyledonous)

A

two cotyledons (two seed “leaves”)

33
Q

Node

A

the site on the stem where one or more
leaves is attached.

34
Q

Internode

A

the region in between two nodes

35
Q

Bud scales

A

Protect the bud; bud scales leave scars
when they fall off

From one set of bud scale scars to the next, is one year’s
growth

36
Q

Lenticels

A

*Loosely arranged pockets of parenchyma cells that protrude
through the surface of periderm (outer bark).
*On woody stems that no longer have an epidermis and no
longer have stomates.
*Allow for gas exchange.

37
Q

Typical Monocot Vascular Bundle

A

-Some large vessels with
several small vessels
* First formed xylem cells
stretch and collapse leaving
air space
* Phloem consists of sieve
tubes and companion cells.
* No vascular cambium
* Closed vascular bundles

38
Q

Closed vascular bundles

A

vascular bundles are
surrounded by sheath of
sclerenchyma cells.

39
Q

Monocot Stem

A
  • Scattered vascular bundles
  • Ground or fundamental tissue of parenchyma
    cells instead of pith and cortex
  • No vascular cambium in vascular bundles
  • Closed vascular bundles
  • Do not form true wood
  • Do not form cork (no cork cambium)
40
Q

herbaceous
dicot stem

A

-herbaceous dicots have discrete vascular bundles arranged in
a cylinder or ring
* Vascular cambium arises between primary xylem and primary
phloem (the xylem and phloem in the original bundle).
– Adds secondary xylem and secondary phloem

41
Q

Dicot Stems

A

-Vascular bundles in a ring
* Pith and cortex of parenchyma cells instead of
fundamental or ground tissue
* Vascular cambium in vascular bundles
* Open vascular bundles
– NOT surrounded by bundle sheath
* Can form true wood (depends on the species)
– Wood = secondary xylem

42
Q

Secondary (Thickening) Growth

A

Vascular cambium:

43
Q

Vascular cambium produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem where

A

Produces secondary xylem to the inside
– Produces secondary phloem to the outside

44
Q

Vascular Rays

A

Vascular Rays consist of parenchyma cells that
function in lateral conduction of nutrients and water

45
Q

vascular rays and xylem rays

A

Xylem Ray - Part of ray within xylem
–Broad xylem ray
–Narrow xylem ray

46
Q

vascular rays and phloem rays

A

Phloem Ray - Part of ray through phloem
–Broad phloem ray (continution of broad
xylem ray)
–Narrow phloem ray (continuation of narrow
xylem ray)

47
Q

Spring wood is formed

A

early in the season and
has wider diameter vessels than summer
wood. It is also lighter in color.

48
Q

Summer wood

A

has thicker walls and is darker in color. has a tinner diameter vessesls

49
Q

When summer wood of the previous season is
next to spring wood of the next season

A

a line
can be seen between them and this is the
annual ring.

50
Q

Earlywood

A

Spring wood

51
Q

Latewood

A

Summer wood

52
Q

Heartwood and Sapwood similarties

A

(Both are dead; all wood is dead)

Resins, gums, and tannins
accumulate, and darken wood,
forming heartwood.

53
Q

Heartwood

A

Older, darker wood in center
* No longer functions in transport
* Still provides support

54
Q

sapwood

A

-Lighter, closest to cambium
* Still transports
* Provides support

55
Q

One year’s growth of the xylem are called

and what creates the ring

A

annual ring

Vascular cambium produces more secondary xylem
than phloem

56
Q

Bulk of tree trunk consists of annual rings of wood.

what does it indicate and reflect

A

– Indicates age of a tree
– Reflects growth conditions during tree’s lifetime
– e.g. precipitation, forest fires

57
Q

Woody Pine Stem have what and what type of wood is it

A

Resin canals
The wood is tracheids only
and is a softwood

58
Q

Resin canals

A

Secrete resin or “pitch” for protection after
wounding. Turpentine evaporates and leaves rosin.

59
Q

woody pine stems wood is tracheids only

A

-No vessels
– No fibers

60
Q

Removal of Wood

A

-Heartwood supports the
tree but cannot conduct
materials.
– A tree may still function
after heartwood is
removed.
* It is possible to remove
portions of sapwood
without destroying the tree.
– Coastal redwoods of
California

61
Q

Specialized Stems

A

Rhizomes
runners
tubers
bulbs
corms
thorn

62
Q

rhizomes

A

Horizontal stems that grow below-
ground; have nodes and internodes

irises

63
Q

runners

A

Horizontal stems that grow
above ground and have long internodes.
e.g. Strawberry

64
Q

Tubers

A

Swollen, fleshy,
underground stems
– Store food
– e.g. Potatoes – Eyes of potatoes are
nodes

65
Q

Bulbs

A

Stem and leaves
– Store food
– e.g. Onions, hyacinths, tulips

66
Q

corms

A

Mostly stem tissue with
papery leaves
– Store food
– e.g. Crocus and gladiolus

67
Q
A

botany (25 decks)

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