Exam 1 Review Questions Flashcards by Steve Bambinelli

What are the components of ATP

3 phosphoryl groups
Nitrogenous adenine base
Ribose

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First law of thermodynamics

in any physical or chemical change, the total amount of energy in the universe remains constant though its form may change.

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Delta G ^; for a biosynthetic anabolic reaction?

positive

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DeltaG>0

Not favorable, not spontaneous, will not happen on its own, endergonic

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Second law of thermodynamics

in all natural processes, the entropy of the universe increases.

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Exergonic

Favored, spontaneous, will happen on its own, energy released

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Delta S

Entropy change, randomness or disorder in a system

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What does each letter represent?

A. Vmax
B. 1/2 Vmax
C. Michaelis Constant
D. Substrate Concentration

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What does each letter represent?

A. No effector
B. Positive effector
C. negative effector
D.1/2 Vmax
E. Michaelis Constant A
F. Michaelis Constant B
G. Michaelis Constant C

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Q10 Effect

Enzyme activity increases as temperature increases (obviously not the point of denaturation)

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What type of enzyme kinetics are represented by this graph?

Allosteric

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Michaelis Constant: equals the substrate concentration corresponding to half-maximal rate

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Characteristics of reversible reactions

Product becomes substrate for reverse reaction

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Types of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

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Monosaccharides

3-7 Carbon
Triose (3)
Tetrose (4)
Pentose (5)
Hexose (6)
Heptose (7)
examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

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Disaccharides

Two sugar molecules
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

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Oligosaccharides

Two to ten sugar molecules
Raffinose
Stachyose

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Polysacchardies

Ten or more sugar molecules
starch
glycogen
cellulose

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Fatty acid

poorly soluble in water
long carbon chains (12-26)

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metabolite concentrations following short duration high-intensity exercise

Increase in AMP
decrease in PCr
decrease in glycogen
decrease in ATP

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CK-MM

Isoform of Creatine Kinase found in high concentrations in skeletal muscle

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Trioses

3 C sugar
Smallest: Glyceraldehyde and Dihydroxyacetone

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Glyceraldehyde

Aldose
one of two smallest monosaccharides
Isomeric C3H6O3 (like dihydroxyacetone)

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Dihydroxyacetone

Ketose
One of two smallest monosaccharides
Isomeric C3H6O3 (like glyceraldehyde)

Ketose

carbonyl anywhere except end of carbon chain

Aldose

Carbonyl group at end of carbon chain

Which enzyme catalyzes the following reaction? ATP + Cr ⇆ ADP + PCr + H+

Creatine Kinase

These organic acids are poorly soluble in water and contain relatively long numbers carbon (i.e., 12-26).

Fatty acid

Effects of short duration high intensity exercise

Substantial decrease in CrP (pcr)

ATPase

Enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of ATP

PCr Shuttle

Mitochondria to Cytosol

What is free energy change?

Delta G:The maximum energy available from a reaction or process that can be harnessed to do something useful

Primary examples of energy usage

Muscle Contraction Active transport biosynthesis

Delta G naught

Standard free energy change: free energy change of the reaction when the concentration of every participating substance in the solution is 1mol*L-1 (standard state)

Exergonic

Free energy released Delta G is negative Proceeds by itself Favored

Endergonic

Cannot occur spontaneously Positive value NOT favored

Hydrolysis

The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water

Where can ATP be hydrolyzed?

Phosphoanhydride linkages between Beta and Y (most common) and Alpha and Beta (less common)

ATP Hydrolysis (Alpha Beta)

Less common yields AMP and PPi (inorganic pyrophosphate)

ATP Hydrolysis (Beta and Y)

ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate)

CK Reaction

PCr+ADP+H+ ATP + Cr Anaerobic Alactic Does not require 02 Does not generate lactate

Lactate Dehydrogenase

Oxidoreductase enzyme Pyruvate to Lactate NAD+ to NADH Reversible

Dehydrogenase enzyme

transfers a hydride from one molecule to another

Order of Glycolytic Enzymes

Hexokinase phosphofructomutase phosphofructokinase Aldolase (Triosephosphateisomerase) Triosephosphate dehydrogenase Phosophoglycerokinase Phosphoglyceromutase Enolase Pyruvate kinase

Hexokinase

Glucose

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

ATP formation involving transfer of a phosphate from a donor molecule to ADP to form ATP. e.g. phosphoenolpyruvate donates a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

Oxidation Reaction

OIL RIG Loss of electrons

Reduction reaction

OIL RIG gain of electrons

How many molecules of ATP are synthesized from ADP via glycolysis of a single molecule of glucose?

True or False: Glycolysis occurs in both anaerobic and aerobic organisms

True

In the redox reaction: pyruvate + NADH + H+ ⇋ lactate + NAD+, which reactant is oxidized, and which is reduced?

Pyruvate is reduced and NADH is oxidized

The in vitro conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate― glucose + P_iP i P, start subscript, i, end subscript ⇋ G-6-P + H_2OH 2 OH, start subscript, 2, end subscript, O― is highly endergonic, though in the setting of glycolysis proceeds in a spontaneous and irreversible fashion. How is this achieved?

Through coupled ATP hydrolysis reactions

Which glycolytic reaction cannot be directly reversed in gluconeogenesis?

Glucose → glucose-6-phosphate

Kinase Enzymes

Transfer phosphoryl groups usually involve ATP

PFK

Phosphofructokinase-Key enzyme in regulating glycolosis, rate limitor Fructose 6 phosphate to Fructose 1 6 Biphosphate

GLUT 1

Transmembrane protein responsible for transport of glucose into cell

GLUT 2

Beta cells of pancreatic islets and hepatocytes

GLUT 3

Low Km for glucose, transports glucose into brain cells