Exam 1 Review Questions Flashcards
What are the components of ATP
3 phosphoryl groups
Nitrogenous adenine base
Ribose
First law of thermodynamics
in any physical or chemical change, the total amount of energy in the universe remains constant though its form may change.
Delta G ^; for a biosynthetic anabolic reaction?
positive
DeltaG>0
Not favorable, not spontaneous, will not happen on its own, endergonic
Second law of thermodynamics
in all natural processes, the entropy of the universe increases.
Exergonic
Favored, spontaneous, will happen on its own, energy released
Delta S
Entropy change, randomness or disorder in a system
What does each letter represent?
A. Vmax
B. 1/2 Vmax
C. Michaelis Constant
D. Substrate Concentration
What does each letter represent?
A. No effector
B. Positive effector
C. negative effector
D.1/2 Vmax
E. Michaelis Constant A
F. Michaelis Constant B
G. Michaelis Constant C
Q10 Effect
Enzyme activity increases as temperature increases (obviously not the point of denaturation)
What type of enzyme kinetics are represented by this graph?
Allosteric
Km
Michaelis Constant: equals the substrate concentration corresponding to half-maximal rate
Characteristics of reversible reactions
Product becomes substrate for reverse reaction
Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
3-7 Carbon
Triose (3)
Tetrose (4)
Pentose (5)
Hexose (6)
Heptose (7)
examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Disaccharides
Two sugar molecules
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
Oligosaccharides
Two to ten sugar molecules
Raffinose
Stachyose
Polysacchardies
Ten or more sugar molecules
starch
glycogen
cellulose
Fatty acid
poorly soluble in water
long carbon chains (12-26)
metabolite concentrations following short duration high-intensity exercise
Increase in AMP
decrease in PCr
decrease in glycogen
decrease in ATP
CK-MM
Isoform of Creatine Kinase found in high concentrations in skeletal muscle
Trioses
3 C sugar
Smallest: Glyceraldehyde and Dihydroxyacetone
Glyceraldehyde
Aldose
one of two smallest monosaccharides
Isomeric C3H6O3 (like dihydroxyacetone)
Dihydroxyacetone
Ketose
One of two smallest monosaccharides
Isomeric C3H6O3 (like glyceraldehyde)
Ketose
carbonyl anywhere except end of carbon chain
Aldose
Carbonyl group at end of carbon chain
Which enzyme catalyzes the following reaction?
ATP + Cr ⇆ ADP + PCr + H+
Creatine Kinase
These organic acids are poorly soluble in water and contain relatively long numbers carbon (i.e., 12-26).
Fatty acid
Effects of short duration high intensity exercise
Substantial decrease in CrP (pcr)
ATPase
Enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of ATP
PCr Shuttle
Mitochondria to Cytosol
What is free energy change?
Delta G:The maximum energy available from a reaction or process that can be harnessed to do something useful
Primary examples of energy usage
Muscle Contraction
Active transport
biosynthesis
Delta G naught
Standard free energy change: free energy change of the reaction when the concentration of every participating substance in the solution is 1mol*L-1 (standard state)
Exergonic
Free energy released
Delta G is negative
Proceeds by itself
Favored
Endergonic
Cannot occur spontaneously
Positive value
NOT favored
Hydrolysis
The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water
Where can ATP be hydrolyzed?
Phosphoanhydride linkages between Beta and Y (most common) and Alpha and Beta (less common)
ATP Hydrolysis (Alpha Beta)
Less common
yields AMP and PPi (inorganic pyrophosphate)
ATP Hydrolysis (Beta and Y)
ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate)
CK Reaction
PCr+ADP+H+ <CK> ATP + Cr
Anaerobic Alactic
Does not require 02
Does not generate lactate</CK>
Lactate Dehydrogenase
Oxidoreductase enzyme
Pyruvate to Lactate
NAD+ to NADH
Reversible
Dehydrogenase enzyme
transfers a hydride from one molecule to another
Order of Glycolytic Enzymes
Hexokinase
phosphofructomutase
phosphofructokinase
Aldolase
(Triosephosphateisomerase)
Triosephosphate dehydrogenase
Phosophoglycerokinase
Phosphoglyceromutase
Enolase
Pyruvate kinase
Hexokinase
Glucose
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
ATP formation involving transfer of a phosphate from a donor molecule to ADP to form ATP.
e.g. phosphoenolpyruvate donates a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP
Oxidation Reaction
OIL RIG
Loss of electrons
Reduction reaction
OIL RIG
gain of electrons
How many molecules of ATP are synthesized from ADP via glycolysis of a single molecule of glucose?
4
True or False: Glycolysis occurs in both anaerobic and aerobic organisms
True
In the redox reaction: pyruvate + NADH + H+ ⇋ lactate + NAD+, which reactant is oxidized, and which is reduced?
Pyruvate is reduced and NADH is oxidized
The in vitro conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate― glucose + P_iP
i
P, start subscript, i, end subscript ⇋ G-6-P + H_2OH
2
OH, start subscript, 2, end subscript, O― is highly endergonic, though in the setting of glycolysis proceeds in a spontaneous and irreversible fashion. How is this achieved?
Through coupled ATP hydrolysis reactions
Which glycolytic reaction cannot be directly reversed in gluconeogenesis?
Glucose → glucose-6-phosphate
Kinase Enzymes
Transfer phosphoryl groups
usually involve ATP
PFK
Phosphofructokinase-Key enzyme in regulating glycolosis, rate limitor
Fructose 6 phosphate to Fructose 1 6 Biphosphate
GLUT 1
Transmembrane protein responsible for transport of glucose into cell
GLUT 2
Beta cells of pancreatic islets and hepatocytes
GLUT 3
Low Km for glucose, transports glucose into brain cells
