Aerobic Glycolysis

Question 1

Where does the Kreb’s Cycle take place?

Answer 1

mitochondrial matrix

Question 2

Where is oxygen used in the Kreb’s Cycle?

Answer 2

The Kreb’s Cycle doesnt require oxygen though it will stop without the presence of oxygen because NAD and FAD will run out.

Question 3

What is the role of oxygen in the ETC

Answer 3

it is the terminal electron acceptor

Question 4

How is pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA?

Answer 4

A carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate and released as CO2
this 2C molecule is oxidized and combined with an acetyl group and CoA to form Acetyl CoA

Question 5

During the oxidation of the 2C molecule formed from pyruvate, which molecule accepts the electrons and what is formed as a result?

Answer 5

NAD+ accepts the electrons,
NADH is formed

Question 6

What is found int he outer mitochondrial membrane, what is the purpose of these structures?

Answer 6

pores which allow metabolites to pass freely

Question 7

Describe the inner mitochondrial matrix

Answer 7

permeable barrier separting the mitochondrial matrix from the cytosol

Question 8

Which structures are found on the inner mitochondrial matrix, what is their function?

Answer 8

Cristae, increase surface area

Question 9

Which processes take place in the inner mitochondrial matrix?

Answer 9

ETC and Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 10

Which mitochondrial membrane is less permeable?

Answer 10

Inner Membrane

Question 11

How does pyruvate enter the mitcochondria

Answer 11

Monocarboxylate transport protein (MCT)

Question 12

Which enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of pyruvate?

Answer 12

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Question 13

Electron acceptor during the oxidation of pyruvate?

Answer 13

NAD+

Question 14

Where does the oxidation of pyruvate take place?

Answer 14

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 15

Which molecule is formed as the result of pyruvate oxidation

Answer 15

Acetyl CoA

Question 16

What are the molecular components of Acetyl CoA?

Answer 16

Adenine
Ribose
Phosphoryl Groups
Vitamin (pantothenate)
2-mercaptothylamine
Sulfydryl group (-SH)

Question 17

Which is the reactive part of the Acetyl CoA molecule?

Answer 17

Sulfydryl (-SH) group

Question 18

During the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction which molecular processes occur?

Answer 18

Pyruvate is decarboxylated
NAD+ oxidizes pyruvate forming NADH

Question 19

How many ATP equivalents does NADH yield?

Answer 19

3

Question 20

How many ATP equivalents does FADH yield?

Answer 20

2

Question 21

Which substance enters the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 21

Acetyl CoA

Question 22

Aside from pyruvate which substances can form Acetyl CoA?

Answer 22

fatty acids and certain amino acids

Question 23

True or False: The Kreb’s Cycle has a definative entry and exit point for the molecules invovled.

Answer 23

False: Many molecules involved in the Kreb’s Cycle can leave or Enter at Different points

Question 24

Where is the NADH produced during pyruvate oxidation utilized?

Answer 24

ETC

Question 25

Enzyme involved in the condensation of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA

Answer 25

Citrate Synthetase

Question 26

Where are ATP equivalents produced in the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 26

Succinyl CoA synthetase reaction produces 1 GTP from a GDP and Pi

Question 27

How many carbons are lost in the Kreb's Cycle?

Answer 27

2

Question 28

Rate limiting enzyme of krebs cycle

Answer 28

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Question 29

Inhibitors of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

Answer 29

ATP, NADH, H+

Question 30

Stimulators of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

Answer 30

ADP, Ca++, NAD

Question 31

Citrate Synthase: Reaction Type, Reactants, Products

Answer 31

Irreversible, Condensation of Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate > Citrate

Question 32

Aconitase: Reaction type, reactants, products

Answer 32

2 enzyme reactions reversible dehydration of citrate to intermediary Cis-Aconitate (-1h20) reversible hydrogenation of cis aconitate to Isocitrate

Question 33

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase: reaction type, reactants, products

Answer 33

RATE LIMITING STEP OF KREBS!!!! considered irreversible (large negative free energry change) Oxidative Decarboxylation Isocitrate > Alpha ketoglutarate and CO2

Question 34

2 forms of isocitrate dehydrogenase

Answer 34

Alpha ketoglutarate formation in krebs with NAD+ as electron acceptor NADPH formation in cytosol and mito matrix during reductive anabolism with NADPH as electron acceptor

Question 35

Alpha Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex: reaction type, reactants, products

Answer 35

Irreversible Oxidation (oxidative decarboxylation) Alpha Ketoglutarate, CoA-SH, NAD+ > Succinyl-CoA + CO2

Question 36

Succinyl-CoA Synthetase: reaction, reactants, products

Answer 36

reversible Substrate level phosphorylation Succinyl CoA +GDP+Pi <> Succinate + GTP +CoA SH

Question 37

Succinate Dehydrogenase: reaction, reactants, products

Answer 37

Reversible Oxidation Succinate + FAD <> Fumarate + FADH2

Question 38

Fumarase: reaction, reactants, products

Answer 38

Reversible Hydration Fumarate + H20 <>Malate + 2 H+

Question 39

Malte Dehydrogenase: reaction, reactants, products

Answer 39

Reversible Oxidation Malate + NAD+ <> Oxaloacetate, NADH + H

Question 40

Gross ATP gain from 1 molecule of glucose going through aerobic respiration

Answer 40

38

Question 41

Role of the ETC

Answer 41

To generate energy for ATP sythetase reaction and formation of ATP from ADP and Pi

Question 42

What is the source of NADH and FADH2 for the ETC

Answer 42

Pyruvate oxidation

Question 43

Protein Complexes of the ETC

Answer 43

NADH-Q oxidoreductase Q-Cytochrome c oxidoreductase cytochrome c oxidase

Question 44

mobile carriers of ETC

Answer 44

Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) Cytochrme C

Question 45

Where is NADH used?

Answer 45

Complex 1, NADH-Q Oxidoreductase

Question 46

Where is FADH2 Used?

Answer 46

Complex 2, Ubiquinone

Question 47

Where are the components of the ETC located?

Answer 47

Inner Mito Matrix

Question 48

What are the 2 major benefits of the ETC?

Answer 48

1. Generate NAD+ and FAD 2. Produce high amounts of energy (extremely negative delta G)

Question 49

What is the energy produced in the ETC used for?

Answer 49

ATP Production during oxidative phosphorylation

Question 50

How is NAD+ produced during ETC utilized?

Answer 50

to regenerate cytosolic NAD+ that is reduced during glycolysis

Question 51

How is NADH able to cross the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Answer 51

Utilizes shuttle systems to transfer electrons

Question 52

Main shuttle system active in the heart

Answer 52

malate aspartate shuttle

Question 53

function of malate aspartate shuttle

Answer 53

transfer electron pair to NAD+ forming NADH

Question 54

Main shuttle system active in skeletal muscle

Answer 54

Glycerol-Phosphate Shuttle

Question 55

Function of Glycerol-Phosphate Shuttle

Answer 55

Transfer electron pair to FAD forming FADH2

Question 56

What is the main source of malate that enters the mitochondria

Answer 56

Krebs Cycle