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SES 626-Metabolism > Aerobic Glycolysis > Flashcards

Aerobic Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the Kreb’s Cycle take place?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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2
Q

Where is oxygen used in the Kreb’s Cycle?

A

The Kreb’s Cycle doesnt require oxygen though it will stop without the presence of oxygen because NAD and FAD will run out.

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3
Q

What is the role of oxygen in the ETC

A

it is the terminal electron acceptor

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4
Q

How is pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA?

A

A carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate and released as CO2
this 2C molecule is oxidized and combined with an acetyl group and CoA to form Acetyl CoA

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5
Q

During the oxidation of the 2C molecule formed from pyruvate, which molecule accepts the electrons and what is formed as a result?

A

NAD+ accepts the electrons,
NADH is formed

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6
Q

What is found int he outer mitochondrial membrane, what is the purpose of these structures?

A

pores which allow metabolites to pass freely

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7
Q

Describe the inner mitochondrial matrix

A

permeable barrier separting the mitochondrial matrix from the cytosol

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8
Q

Which structures are found on the inner mitochondrial matrix, what is their function?

A

Cristae, increase surface area

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9
Q

Which processes take place in the inner mitochondrial matrix?

A

ETC and Oxidative phosphorylation

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10
Q

Which mitochondrial membrane is less permeable?

A

Inner Membrane

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11
Q

How does pyruvate enter the mitcochondria

A

Monocarboxylate transport protein (MCT)

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12
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of pyruvate?

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

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13
Q

Electron acceptor during the oxidation of pyruvate?

A

NAD+

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14
Q

Where does the oxidation of pyruvate take place?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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15
Q

Which molecule is formed as the result of pyruvate oxidation

A

Acetyl CoA

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16
Q

What are the molecular components of Acetyl CoA?

A

Adenine
Ribose
Phosphoryl Groups
Vitamin (pantothenate)
2-mercaptothylamine
Sulfydryl group (-SH)

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17
Q

Which is the reactive part of the Acetyl CoA molecule?

A

Sulfydryl (-SH) group

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18
Q

During the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction which molecular processes occur?

A

Pyruvate is decarboxylated
NAD+ oxidizes pyruvate forming NADH

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19
Q

How many ATP equivalents does NADH yield?

A

3

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20
Q

How many ATP equivalents does FADH yield?

A

2

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21
Q

Which substance enters the Krebs Cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

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22
Q

Aside from pyruvate which substances can form Acetyl CoA?

A

fatty acids and certain amino acids

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23
Q

True or False: The Kreb’s Cycle has a definative entry and exit point for the molecules invovled.

A

False: Many molecules involved in the Kreb’s Cycle can leave or Enter at Different points

24
Q

Where is the NADH produced during pyruvate oxidation utilized?

A

ETC

25
Q

Enzyme involved in the condensation of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA

A

Citrate Synthetase

26
Q

Where are ATP equivalents produced in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Succinyl CoA synthetase reaction produces 1 GTP from a GDP and Pi

27
Q

How many carbons are lost in the Kreb’s Cycle?

A

2

28
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of krebs cycle

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

29
Q

Inhibitors of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

A

ATP, NADH, H+

30
Q

Stimulators of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

A

ADP, Ca++, NAD

31
Q

Citrate Synthase: Reaction Type, Reactants, Products

A

Irreversible, Condensation of Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate > Citrate

32
Q

Aconitase: Reaction type, reactants, products

A

2 enzyme reactions
reversible
dehydration of citrate to intermediary Cis-Aconitate (-1h20)
reversible
hydrogenation of cis aconitate to Isocitrate

33
Q

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase: reaction type, reactants, products

A

RATE LIMITING STEP OF KREBS!!!!
considered irreversible (large negative free energry change)
Oxidative Decarboxylation
Isocitrate > Alpha ketoglutarate and CO2

34
Q

2 forms of isocitrate dehydrogenase

A

Alpha ketoglutarate formation in krebs with NAD+ as electron acceptor
NADPH formation in cytosol and mito matrix during reductive anabolism with NADPH as electron acceptor

35
Q

Alpha Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex: reaction type, reactants, products

A

Irreversible
Oxidation (oxidative decarboxylation)
Alpha Ketoglutarate, CoA-SH, NAD+ > Succinyl-CoA + CO2

36
Q

Succinyl-CoA Synthetase: reaction, reactants, products

A

reversible
Substrate level phosphorylation
Succinyl CoA +GDP+Pi <> Succinate + GTP +CoA SH

37
Q

Succinate Dehydrogenase: reaction, reactants, products

A

Reversible
Oxidation
Succinate + FAD <> Fumarate + FADH2

38
Q

Fumarase: reaction, reactants, products

A

Reversible
Hydration
Fumarate + H20 <>Malate + 2 H+

39
Q

Malte Dehydrogenase: reaction, reactants, products

A

Reversible
Oxidation
Malate + NAD+ <> Oxaloacetate, NADH + H

40
Q

Gross ATP gain from 1 molecule of glucose going through aerobic respiration

A

38

41
Q

Role of the ETC

A

To generate energy for ATP sythetase reaction and formation of ATP from ADP and Pi

42
Q

What is the source of NADH and FADH2 for the ETC

A

Pyruvate oxidation

43
Q

Protein Complexes of the ETC

A

NADH-Q oxidoreductase
Q-Cytochrome c oxidoreductase
cytochrome c oxidase

44
Q

mobile carriers of ETC

A

Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q)
Cytochrme C

45
Q

Where is NADH used?

A

Complex 1, NADH-Q Oxidoreductase

46
Q

Where is FADH2 Used?

A

Complex 2, Ubiquinone

47
Q

Where are the components of the ETC located?

A

Inner Mito Matrix

48
Q

What are the 2 major benefits of the ETC?

A
  1. Generate NAD+ and FAD
  2. Produce high amounts of energy (extremely negative delta G)
49
Q

What is the energy produced in the ETC used for?

A

ATP Production during oxidative phosphorylation

50
Q

How is NAD+ produced during ETC utilized?

A

to regenerate cytosolic NAD+ that is reduced during glycolysis

51
Q

How is NADH able to cross the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

Utilizes shuttle systems to transfer electrons

52
Q

Main shuttle system active in the heart

A

malate aspartate shuttle

53
Q

function of malate aspartate shuttle

A

transfer electron pair to NAD+ forming NADH

54
Q

Main shuttle system active in skeletal muscle

A

Glycerol-Phosphate Shuttle

55
Q

Function of Glycerol-Phosphate Shuttle

A

Transfer electron pair to FAD forming FADH2

56
Q

What is the main source of malate that enters the mitochondria

A

Krebs Cycle

SES 626-Metabolism (14 decks)

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