Exam 1 Review

Question 1

Epithelium Function

Answer 1

Protection, acting as barriers, permitting passage, secreting and absorbing substances

Question 2

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Answer 2

Diffusion, filtration, some protection against friction, secretion, and absorption

Question 3

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Answer 3

Secretion and absorption in the kidney, Secretion in glands and choroid plexus, Movement of mucus out of the terminal bronchioles by ciliated cells.

Question 4

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Answer 4

protection against abrasion, caustic chemicals, water loss, and infection.

Question 5

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Answer 5

protection and secretion

Question 6

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Answer 6

Synthesize and secrete mucus onto the free surface, Move mucus (or fluid) that contains foreign particles over the free surface and from passages

Question 7

Transitional Epithelium

Answer 7

accommodates fluctuations in the volume of fluid in an organ or tube; protection against the caustic effects of urine

Question 8

Types of Glands

Answer 8

• Endocrine: no open contact with exterior; no ducts; produce hormones
• Exocrine: open contact maintained with exterior; ducts

Question 9

Glands Classification by Structure

Answer 9

Unicellular: Goblet cells

Multicellular

Question 10

Glands Classification by method of secretion type

Answer 10

• Merocrine (sweat glands)
  § No loss of cytoplasm, secretes by active transport or exocytosis
• Apocrine (mammary gland)
  § Fragments of the gland go into the secretion. Apex of cell pinches off
• Holocrine (Sebaceous Gland)
  § Whole cell becomes part of secretion. Secretion accumulates in cell, cell ruptures and dies

Question 11

Connective Tissue Funciton

Answer 11

§ Enclose organs as a capsule and separate organs into layers
§ Connect tissues to one another. Tendons and ligaments.
§ Support and movement. Bones.
§ Storage. Fat.
§ Cushion and insulate. Fat.
§ Transport. Blood.
§ Protect. Cells of the immune system.

Question 12

Skeletal System Function

Answer 12

Support.
Protection. Movement.
Storage. Ca and P.
Blood cell production.

Question 13

Perichondrium

Answer 13

double-layered connective tissue sheath covering most cartilage

Question 14

articular cartilage

Answer 14

covers bones at joints; has no perichondrium

Question 15

bone shapes

Answer 15

long, short, flat, irregular

Question 16

Diaphysis

Answer 16

the shaft of the bone, compact bone
Not in short/irregular bones

Question 17

Epiphysis

Answer 17

End of a long bone; cancellous
Not in Flat Bones

Question 18

epiphyseal plate

Answer 18

growth plate

Question 19

medullary cavity

Answer 19

cavity in middle of bones

Question 20

Osteocytes

Answer 20

mature bone cells

Question 21

Osteoblasts

Answer 21

bone forming cells

Question 22

osteoclasts

Answer 22

resorption, breakdown of bone matrix

Question 23

Trebeculae

Answer 23

interconnecting rods or plates of bone

Question 24

2 types of bone development

Answer 24

intramembranous ossification

endochondral ossification

Question 25

intramembranous bones

Answer 25

Takes place in C.T membrane. Short, flat, irregular. Center of ossification = frontanel.

Question 26

endochondral ossification

Answer 26

takes place in the cartilage
only long bones
Starts perichondrium, split into two directions (up+down), and bone follows. Secondary ossification in Epiphisis once 1st + 2nd meet bone stops growing = epiphyseal line

Question 27

Skeletal System Functions and Components

Answer 27

• Provides framework
• Provides levers upon which muscles act to move the body
• Protection of organs
• Mineral storage
• Hemopoiesis
• Energy storage
• Components
  ○ Bones
  ○ Cartilage
  ○ Ligaments
  ○ Tendons

Question 28

Vertebral Column Functions

Answer 28

○ Supports weight of head and trunk
○ Protects the spinal cord
○ Allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord
○ Provides site for muscle attachment
○ Permits movement of head and trunk

Question 29

Embryonic Tissue

Answer 29

Endoderm - digestive tract + derivatives
Mesoderm - muscle, bone, blood vessels
Ectoderm - skin + neuroectoderm

Question 30

Layers of Muscle tissue

Answer 30

Epimysium - filler C.T. surrounds the whole muscle
Perimysium - C.T surrounds fasciculus
Endomysium - C.T surrounds muscle fibers
External Lamina - Reticular fiber surrounds sarcolemma
Fascia - Contains Muscles groups

Question 31

Functions of muscles

Answer 31

• Body movement
• Maintenance of posture
• Respiration
• Production of body heat
• Communication
• Constriction of organs and vessels
• Heartbeat

Question 32

Components of Sarcomeres

Answer 32

Z disk - actin attach too
I band - Z disk -> myocine
A band - length of thick filament
H zone - between where actin doesn’t connect
M line - middle of the H zone where filament is holding myosin

Question 33

Classification of Joins

Answer 33

• Structural: Based on major connective tissue that binds the bone
  ○ Fibrous
  ○ Cartilaginous
  ○ Synovial
• Functional: based on degree of motion
  ○ Synarthrosis: non-movable
  ○ Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable
  ○ Diarthrosis: freely movable

Question 34

Classification of Synoviol joints

Answer 34

• Monoaxial: occurring around one axis
• Biaxial: occurring around two axes at right angles to each other
• Multiaxial: occurring around several axes

Question 35

Classification of Fibrous Joints

Answer 35

Sutures - non-moveable
Syndemososes - slightly moveable
Gomphoses - hold teeth in place