Blood

Question 1

Function of Blood

Answer 1

• Transport
• Regulation of pH and osmosis
• Maintenance of body temperature
• Protection against foreign substances
• Clot formation

Question 2

Plasma

Answer 2

Matrix of blood
Colloid: charge particle trapped in a membrane
91% water, meets demands of all cells

Question 3

3 proteins in plasma

Answer 3

Albumins: viscosity, osmotic pressure, buffer, transports fatty acids, free bilirubin, thyroid hormones
Globulins: antibodies
Fibrinogen: blood clotting

Question 4

Nutrients in Plasma

Answer 4

glucose, amino acids, triacylglycerol, cholesterol, vitamins

Question 5

Waste products of Plasma

Answer 5

○ Urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia salts.
○ Bilirubin. Breakdown product of RBCs
○ Lactic acid. End product of anaerobic respiration

Question 6

Red Blood Cells

Answer 6

(erythrocytes). Biconcave discs, Produces bicarbonate
Contains hemoglobin (iron (Hem) and protein(globin)), iron = oxygen, hem = carbon dioxide

Question 7

White Blood Cells

Answer 7

(leukocytes)
Granulocytes:
§ neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranulocytes:
§ lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 8

Platelets

Answer 8

break down of megakaryocytes (not a cell itself)
blood clotting

Question 9

Production of Formed Elements

Answer 9

Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis: Process of blood cell production

Stem cells: undifferentiated cell, all formed elements derived from single population

Question 10

Neutrophil

Answer 10

(60-70%): many small cells that are fast don’t last long
Phagocytizes microorganisms and other substances

Question 11

Basophil

Answer 11

(0.5-1%): Inflammation, least common. Its the signal for other white blood cells. prevent blood clotting

Question 12

Eosinophils

Answer 12

(1-4%): anti-inflammatory and antiparasitic

Question 13

Lymphocytes

Answer 13

(20-30%): granual cells b-cells produce anti-bodies and T-cells. kills things. Responsible for allergic reaction

Question 14

Monocytes

Answer 14

(2-8%): Large phagocytic cells, settle in lymph node. Kills bacteria, dead cells, cell fragements, and other debris

Question 15

Hemoglobin

Answer 15

• Oxyhemoglobin: transporting oxygen
• Dexoyhemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin: transporting carbon dioxide
  Contains: Lipids, ATP, and Carbonic anhydrase

Question 16

Carbonic anhydrase

Answer 16

• Produces bicarbonate which controls pH. Structure in RBC that controls for pH

Question 17

How do White Blood Cells Move

Answer 17

Ameboid - Pseudopods (blob extension of itself to slowly move forward)
Diapedesis - become long and slender
Chemotaxis - (PRIMARY) respond to chemical signals

Question 18

Types of Blood Vessels

Answer 18

• Arteries
  ○ Elastic
  ○ Muscular (2nd best at blood flow direction, thick)
  ○ Arterioles (to capillaries, smallest)
• Capillaries: site of exchange with tissues (direct blood flow best)
• Veins: thinner walls than arteries, contain less elastic tissue and fewer smooth muscle cells
  ○ Venules (away from capillaries)
  ○ Small veins
  ○ Medium or large veins

Question 19

Capillaries

Answer 19

• Consist of 2 layers
  ○ Endothelial cells, is simple squamous epithelium.
  ○ Basement membrane
• All gas exchange takes place

Question 20

Types of Capillaries

Answer 20

• Continuous. No gaps. No fenestrae. Less permeable to large molecules than other capillary types.
• Fenestrated. Have pores. Porous diaphragm. Highly permeable
• Sinusoidal. Large diameter with large fenestrae. Less basement membrane.
• Sinusoids. Large diameter sinusoidal capillaries. Sparse basement membrane. Venous sinuses are similar in structure but even larger.

Question 21

precapillary sphincters

Answer 21

shuts down capillary beds. Controls direction of blood flow

Question 22

Tunics of Arteries and Veins

Answer 22

Tunica intima
- lining
○ Endothelium
○ Basement membrane
○ Lamina propria (C.T. layer)

Tunica media: constricts artery or vein
○ Vasoconstriction: smooth muscles contract, decrease in blood flow
○ Vasodilation: smooth muscles relax, increase in blood flow

Tunica externa (adventitia): connective tissue that brings in nerve supply and blood supply

Question 23

Valves in veins

Answer 23

• Oneway valve that dont allow blood to flow backwards
• More valves in veins of lower extremities than in veins of upper extremities

Question 24

Vasa vasorum

Answer 24

blood vessels that supply the walls of arteries and veins

Question 25

Arteriovenous anastomoses

Answer 25

A bunch of capillaries, vessels allow blood to flow from arterioles to small veins without going through capillaries (glommerus)

Question 26

Portal veins

Answer 26

veins that begin in a primary capillary network, extend some distance and end in a secondary capillary network without a pumping mechanism, such as the heart