Blood Flashcards
Function of Blood
- Transport
- Regulation of pH and osmosis
- Maintenance of body temperature
- Protection against foreign substances
- Clot formation
Plasma
Matrix of blood
Colloid: charge particle trapped in a membrane
91% water, meets demands of all cells
3 proteins in plasma
Albumins: viscosity, osmotic pressure, buffer, transports fatty acids, free bilirubin, thyroid hormones
Globulins: antibodies
Fibrinogen: blood clotting
Nutrients in Plasma
glucose, amino acids, triacylglycerol, cholesterol, vitamins
Waste products of Plasma
○ Urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia salts.
○ Bilirubin. Breakdown product of RBCs
○ Lactic acid. End product of anaerobic respiration
Red Blood Cells
(erythrocytes). Biconcave discs, Produces bicarbonate
Contains hemoglobin (iron (Hem) and protein(globin)), iron = oxygen, hem = carbon dioxide
White Blood Cells
(leukocytes)
Granulocytes:
§ neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranulocytes:
§ lymphocytes and monocytes
Platelets
break down of megakaryocytes (not a cell itself)
blood clotting
Production of Formed Elements
Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis: Process of blood cell production
Stem cells: undifferentiated cell, all formed elements derived from single population
Neutrophil
(60-70%): many small cells that are fast don’t last long
Phagocytizes microorganisms and other substances
Basophil
(0.5-1%): Inflammation, least common. Its the signal for other white blood cells. prevent blood clotting
Eosinophils
(1-4%): anti-inflammatory and antiparasitic
Lymphocytes
(20-30%): granual cells b-cells produce anti-bodies and T-cells. kills things. Responsible for allergic reaction
Monocytes
(2-8%): Large phagocytic cells, settle in lymph node. Kills bacteria, dead cells, cell fragements, and other debris
Hemoglobin
- Oxyhemoglobin: transporting oxygen
- Dexoyhemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin: transporting carbon dioxide
Contains: Lipids, ATP, and Carbonic anhydrase
Carbonic anhydrase
- Produces bicarbonate which controls pH. Structure in RBC that controls for pH
How do White Blood Cells Move
Ameboid - Pseudopods (blob extension of itself to slowly move forward)
Diapedesis - become long and slender
Chemotaxis - (PRIMARY) respond to chemical signals
Types of Blood Vessels
- Arteries
○ Elastic
○ Muscular (2nd best at blood flow direction, thick)
○ Arterioles (to capillaries, smallest) - Capillaries: site of exchange with tissues (direct blood flow best)
- Veins: thinner walls than arteries, contain less elastic tissue and fewer smooth muscle cells
○ Venules (away from capillaries)
○ Small veins
○ Medium or large veins
Capillaries
- Consist of 2 layers
○ Endothelial cells, is simple squamous epithelium.
○ Basement membrane - All gas exchange takes place
Types of Capillaries
- Continuous. No gaps. No fenestrae. Less permeable to large molecules than other capillary types.
- Fenestrated. Have pores. Porous diaphragm. Highly permeable
- Sinusoidal. Large diameter with large fenestrae. Less basement membrane.
- Sinusoids. Large diameter sinusoidal capillaries. Sparse basement membrane. Venous sinuses are similar in structure but even larger.
precapillary sphincters
shuts down capillary beds. Controls direction of blood flow
Tunics of Arteries and Veins
Tunica intima
- lining
○ Endothelium
○ Basement membrane
○ Lamina propria (C.T. layer)
Tunica media: constricts artery or vein
○ Vasoconstriction: smooth muscles contract, decrease in blood flow
○ Vasodilation: smooth muscles relax, increase in blood flow
Tunica externa (adventitia): connective tissue that brings in nerve supply and blood supply
Valves in veins
- Oneway valve that dont allow blood to flow backwards
- More valves in veins of lower extremities than in veins of upper extremities
Vasa vasorum
blood vessels that supply the walls of arteries and veins
