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Vertebrate Physiology > Exam 1-Nutrition, Feeding and Digestion > Flashcards

Exam 1-Nutrition, Feeding and Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Unused Amino Acids

A
  • into Krebs

- create ammonia (toxic-needs to be at low concentration) is converted to urea (less toxic)

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2
Q

essential amino acids

A

we don’t have enzymes to make them, must be consummed

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3
Q

kwashiorkor

A
  • type of starvation
  • children may have adequate calorie levels but low on protein (missing essential AA)
  • lacking muscle (increase protein concentration)
  • belly, osmotic pressures (plasma protein albumin in blood-tissue is hyperosmotic and blood hyposmotic-water moves from plasma to tissue b/c pressure created, [adema])
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4
Q

vitamin

A

essential organic compound needed in small quantities

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5
Q

(vitamin)

water soluble

A

don’t store in body, must be taken in daily

riboflavin, biotin, callogen

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6
Q

(vitamin)

lipid soluble

A

can be stored in fat, increase in body fat means increase in storage while decrease in body fat means more available vitamins
(vitamin A, D, E, K)

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7
Q

mineral

A

non-organic chemical (typically a metal) that is needed in small quantities
(Fe, Mg, Zn, Ca)

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8
Q

feeding

A

the obtaining and digestion of food

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9
Q

digestion

A

the process of splitting up ingested food molecules into smaller chemical compounds that can be absorbed

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10
Q

fermentation

A

anaerobic digestion involving symbiotic flora

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11
Q

absorption

A

transfer of digestion products from the GI tract (external( to the blood (internal)

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12
Q

suspension feeding

A

feeding on objects suspended in water that are very small by comparison to the feeding animal

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13
Q

crop

A

pouch in esophagus; temporary food storage

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14
Q

gizzard

A

contains pebbles/sand; grinds seeds/grains

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15
Q

headgut

A

mouth and esophagus

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16
Q

foregut

A

stomach

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17
Q

midgut

A

small intestine (digestion/absorption)

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18
Q

hindgut

A

large intestine (colon) (preparing things to exit body)

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19
Q

digestion basics

A

extracellular digestion
midgut is primary region of digestion and absorption
most enzymes hydrolytic

20
Q

(digestive enzymes)

intralumenal enzymes

A
  • released into open area

- salivary glands, cells of stomach wall, pancreas, liver/gall bladder

21
Q

(digestive enzymes)

membrane associated enzymes (brush border)

A
  • small intestine

- microvilli increase surface area, can trap enzymes

22
Q

(digestive enzymes)

intracellular

A

-few

23
Q

(carbohydrate digestion)

amylase

A
  • starches into smaller starches (disaccharides)

- generic (breakdown anything)

24
Q

(carbohydrate digestion)

disaccharidase

A
  • disaccharides to monosaccharides

- more specific (ex: lactase)

25
Q

(protein digestion)

zymogen (proenzyme)

A

pre-activated because it will breakdown any protein (including cells) making it difficult to store

26
Q

(protein digestion)

endopeptidase

A

look for bonds and breakdown

make smaller amino acid strands

27
Q

(protein digestion)

exopeptidase

A

start chewing protein from the end breaking it down

28
Q 
(lipid digestion)
emulsifying agents (detergents)
A

disrupts bonds so you can disperse (breaks apart clusters of hydrophobic molecules)

29
Q

(lipid digestion)

lipase

A

breaks down lipids

intracellular enzymes

30
Q

foregut fermentation

A
  • specialized gut chambers found in ruminants before the stomach
  • synthesis of B vitamins, essential AA
  • digestion of cellulose into short-chain fatty acids
  • N recovery (urea into AA)
31
Q

hindgut fermentation

A

enlarged cecum/colon
used by mammals, herbivorous birds, herbivorous lizards and turtles
eat feces, gives vitamins (don’t let anything get left behind)

32
Q

(absorption)

simple diffusion

A

small, usually nonpolar

33
Q

(absorption)

facilitated diffusion

A

salts, AA, bigger substances

34
Q

(absorption)

active transport

A

requires energy, against gradient

big molecules

35
Q

surface area in small intestine

A

200-250 m2 surface area

circular folds, villi, microvilli (brush border)

36
Q

carbohydrate digestion

A

-mouth: salivary amylase (which denatures in stomach)
-stomach: holding place, might absorb
-SI: pancreatic amylase (make disaccharides)
BB enzymes (breakdown disaccharides)

37
Q

carbohydrate absorption

A
  • SGLT1: (secondary active) depends on Na gradient as cotransporter for glucose (no gradient for glucose)
  • GLUT2: (facilitated) there is now a concentration gradient for glucose
38
Q

protein digestion

A
  • mouth: nothing
  • stomach: HCl (denatures proteins, pH 3 between meals and pH 1 during meal)
  • –pepsinogen (self activating in acidic becoming pepsin which is endopeptidase)
39
Q

(protein digestion)

in small intestine

A

-SI: pancreas releases sodium bicarbonate (neutralize acid)
thin layer of mucus in SI because absorption needed
-trypsin (endopeptidase) self activated and activates chrymotrypsin (endopep.) and carboxypeptidase (exopep.)
-BB enzymes

40
Q

protein absorption

A

transporters, most cotransport with sodium

41
Q

lipid digestion

A
  • mouth and stomach: none
  • SI: emulsification (bile salts acts as detergent made of cholesterol and heme breaking up triglyceride clumps)
  • –pancreatic lipase: take large fat droplets and create smaller micelles which can be absorbed
42
Q

lipid absorption

A
  • to enter cell, bile salts stay behind (simple diffusion)
  • forms chylomicron (covered with protein coat)
  • exocytosis into lacteal 1st (lymph, prevents huge influx of fat into blood stream
43
Q

(hormonal regulation of digestion)

gastrin

A
  • stimulus for release (partially digested protein in stomach)
  • released into blood (positive feedback mechanism-endpoint is once proteins are gone and pH gets low)
  • stimulates release of HCl and pepsinogen
44
Q

(hormonal regulation of digestion)

secretrin

A
  • released when acidic, stimulated by protein presence (somewhat lipids-stimulates liver to release bile)
  • inhibits stomach activity (negative feedback)
  • stimulates pancreas to release enzymes and bicarbonate
45
Q

(hormonal regulation of digestion)

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A
  • stimulated by lipids (cause liver/gall bladder to release bile)
  • somewhat stimulated by proteins (causes pancreas to release enzymes and bicarbonate)
  • satiety: sense of fullness
46
Q

large intestine

A
  • not much absorption
  • bacterial flora: vitamin K
  • defecation: 2 sphincters (internal-smooth, involuntary; external-skeletal, voluntary)

Vertebrate Physiology (15 decks)

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