Exam 1-Animal Research

Question 1

justification

Answer 1

• understanding of normal physiology/anatomy
• teaching
• protection from potentially harmful substance
• treatment/cure/prevention disease

Question 2

Erasistratus of Alexandria (3 BC)

Answer 2

body humors (fluids) of the dead

Question 3

Galen of Pergamum (129-200 AD)

Answer 3

greek, studied live pigs, understand systems

Question 4

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

Answer 4

-philosopher, “I think, therefore I am”, split body and mind
(humans have good connection, animals are physical don’t feel emotions)
-animals like clock, act mechanically

Question 5

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

Answer 5

animals exist only as means

Question 6

Francois Magendie (1782-1855)

Answer 6

• taught surgery and physiology (public vivisecton of dogs)

- nervous system

Question 7

Claude Bernard (1813-1878)

Answer 7

• student of Magendie
• milieu interieur
• sympathetic regulation of blood vessels

Question 8

anesthetics

Answer 8

• curare (1st): only muscle paralyzer
• ether (1847): anethetic, flammable, irritate throat/nasal passages (civil war)
• current law

Question 9

Food and Drugs Act (1906)

Answer 9

prohibits interstate commerce of misbranded and adulterated foods, drinks and drugs

Question 10

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Answer 10

sanitary conditions, prohibits use of poisonous preservatives and dyes

Question 11

Amendment of FDA (1912)

Answer 11

• band fraudulent claims (miracle drugs)

- burden of proof remained on government

Question 12

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938)

Answer 12

-burden of proof placed on manufacturer/seller (efficacy and safety)
-must be tested before being placed on market
(loop hole: supplements)

Question 13

(Animal Testing)

LD50 Test

Answer 13

lethal dose to 50% of experimental animals

problem: excessive animal suffering/death

Question 14

(Animal testing)

Draize Test

Answer 14

irritants applied to eyes of restrained rabbits

Question 15

animal testing (other)

Answer 15

radioimmunoassay
immunohistochemistry
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Question 16

Animal Welfare Act (1966)

Answer 16

• prevents sale and use of stolen animals
• prohibits animal fighting
• regulates use of animals to ensure humane care and treatment
• doesn’t regulate agriculture

Question 17

Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (guidelines)

Answer 17

• experiments must be relevant (advancement of knowledge)
• good of society
• appropriate species should be used
• reduce pain and distress
• living conditions must be appropriate
• trained personnel

Question 18

Three R’s

Answer 18

• replacement (invertebrates-less pain, cell cultures, computer models)
• reduction (need to retain significance)
• refinement (collaboration, reduce ethical cost)