Exam 1: Infancy Research Methods Flashcards
What is habituation?
A. Renewal of attention to a new stimulus
B. The process of losing attention to a repeated stimulus over time
C. The ability to distinguish between different sounds
D. A method of measuring heart rate
B. The process of losing attention to a repeated stimulus over time
What does dishabituation indicate?
A. Increased attention to a repeated stimulus
B. Renewal of attention when a previously habituated stimulus changes
C. Complete indifference to stimuli
D. An infant’s ability to imitate sounds
B. Renewal of attention when a previously habituated stimulus changes
Which of the following is an example of a dependent measure in the habituation-dishabituation paradigm?
A. Measuring visual preference between two images
B. Recording sucking patterns for different sounds like “ba” vs. “pa”
C. Observing social referencing behavior
D. Assessing depth perception using the visual cliff
B. Recording sucking patterns for different sounds like “ba” vs. “pa”
What does satiation refer to in the context of operant conditioning?
A. The increase in interest after exposure to a stimulus
B. The decline in the value of a reinforcer after repeated use
C. The ability to recognize different sounds
D. The process of reinforcing multiple behaviors
B. The decline in the value of a reinforcer after repeated use
In the visual cliff experiment, what is being assessed?
A. An infant’s ability to hear different sounds
B. An infant’s ability to perceive depth
C. An infant’s emotional responses to faces
D. An infant’s interest in moving objects
B. An infant’s ability to perceive depth
What is social referencing?
A. A technique for measuring heart rate changes
B. The use of emotional cues from others to guide behavior
C. The ability to distinguish between visual stimuli
D. A method of assessing depth perception
B. The use of emotional cues from others to guide behavior
How can impending collision be assessed in infants?
A. By measuring their weight gain
B. Through looking behavior, heart rate deceleration, and sucking patterns
C. By observing their ability to crawl
D. By testing their auditory discrimination skills
B. Through looking behavior, heart rate deceleration, and sucking patterns
What is the visual preference paradigm?
A. A method to measure infants’ emotional responses
B. A technique to compare infants’ looking times between two simultaneous stimuli
C. A way to assess the effectiveness of reinforcers
D. An approach to study depth perception
B. A technique to compare infants’ looking times between two simultaneous stimuli
What does preferential looking indicate?
A. An infant’s preference for a specific sound
B. An infant’s ability to discriminate between stimuli
C. The ability to imitate adult behaviors
D. The effectiveness of habituation techniques
B. An infant’s ability to discriminate between stimuli
What type of reinforcement involves rewarding an infant for turning their head in a specific direction?
A. Continuous reinforcement
B. Differential reinforcement
C. Positive reinforcement
D. Negative reinforcement
B. Differential reinforcement
Which of the following best describes the role of head turns in infant research?
A. They indicate visual preference
B. They reflect auditory discrimination
C. They are a response to specific stimuli and can be reinforced
D. They show an infant’s emotional state
C. They are a response to specific stimuli and can be reinforced
Why is it important to assess an infant’s heart rate in response to stimuli?
A. It reveals their sleeping patterns
B. It indicates their level of physical activity
C. Heart rate deceleration can signal attention or surprise
D. It shows their preference for visual stimuli
C. Heart rate deceleration can signal attention or surprise
In the context of the visual cliff, which animal was compared to humans to assess depth perception?
A. Cats
B. Dogs
C. Mountain goats
D. Rabbits
C. Mountain goats
Which of the following indicates that an infant has discriminated between two sounds, such as “pa” and “ba”?
A. Increased heart rate
B. Sucking pauses in response to the sounds
C. Lack of attention to both sounds
D. Consistent looking behavior towards one sound
B. Sucking pauses in response to the sounds
