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Biochem 2 palmer > exam 1 glycolysis > Flashcards

exam 1 glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

where does glycolysis happen?

A

cytosol

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2
Q

what are the products of glycolysis?

A

ATP, NADH, pyruvate

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3
Q

in fast glycolysis, pyruvate is converted to?

A

lactic acid and alanine

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4
Q

in slow glycolysis, pyruvate does what?

A

pyruvate -> mitochondria -> aerobic metabolism

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5
Q

glycolysis yields precursors to?

A

the aerobic system- krebs and electron transport chain

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6
Q

glycolysis is the only source of metabolic energy in which cells and tissues?

A

erythrocytes, renal medulla, sperm

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7
Q

what is the preparatory phase of glycolysis?

A

phosphorylation of glucose- brings glucose in and traps it and then adds a phosphate to it

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8
Q

bis-phosphate implies what?

A

2 separate phosphates

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9
Q

diphosphate implies what?

A

2 joined phosphates

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10
Q

1 glucose yields?

A

2 pyruvates

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11
Q

DHAP converts into?

A

G3P

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12
Q

what enzyme is needed for glucose - glucose-6-phosphate? (phosphorylation)

A

hexokinase/glucokinase, uses 1 ATP

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13
Q

what enzyme is needed for isomerization; glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate?

A

phosphoglucose isomerase- rearranges

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14
Q

what enzyme is needed for phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?

A

phosphofructokinase-PFK *key rate limiting enzyme

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15
Q

what does the enzyme aldolase do?

A

splits fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into DHAP and G3P

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16
Q

which enzyme converts DHAP into another G3P?

A

triose phosphate isomerase

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17
Q

G3P dehydrogenase does what?

A

oxidizes G3P into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (this happens twice)

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18
Q

1,3-bisphosphogylcerate loses a phosphate with what enzyme and what is left?

A

phosphoglycerate kinase and 3-phosphoglycerate is left *this happens twice creating 2 ATP

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19
Q

which enzyme moves the phosphate from 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate?

A

phosphoglycerate mutase

20
Q

2-phosphoglycerate into PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) happens by what type of reaction and with what enzyme?

A

dehydration reaction and the enzyme is enolase

21
Q

phosphoenolpyrvuate PEP is a high energy molecule and wants to transfer its phosphate group, what enzyme does this?

A

pyruvate kinase

22
Q

any reaction within the cycle that is irreversible uses which type of enzyme?

A

kinase

23
Q

what are the key regulatory enzymes of glycolysis?

A

hexo/glucokinase
PFK
pyruvate kinase

24
Q

what is an isozyme?

A

different proteins that catalyze a reaction

25
Q

hexokinase has how many isozymes?

A

4

26
Q

hexokinase 1-3 are used for?

A

energy production

27
Q

hexokinase 4 (glucokinase) is used for?

A

blood glucose homeostasis

28
Q

hexokinase has high affinity for?

A

glucose (low Km)

29
Q

hexokinase is ______ by its product

A

inhibited

30
Q

glucokinase is found where?

A

liver and B cells of pancreas

31
Q

glucokinase is _______ by its product

A

NOT inhibited

32
Q

what is glucokinase stimulated by?

A

fructose and insulin

33
Q

glucokinase has a high Km which means?

A

it takes more reactant to make it go faster

34
Q

hexokinase is found where?

A

muscle

35
Q

what is the rate limiting step of glycolysis?

A

PFK-phosphofructokinase

36
Q

what 4 things inhibit PFK?

A

high energy charge
decreased pH
citrate-krebs cycle
end products or waste products

37
Q

what is an allosteric enzyme?

A

ATP binds to the enzyme and decreases its activity

38
Q

is PFK an allosteric enzyme?

A

yes

39
Q

PFK-2 catalyzes what?

A

formation of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in a different reaction

40
Q

what is the most potent activator of PFK-1

A

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

41
Q

phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate by PFK-2 yields

A

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

42
Q

what does fructose-2,6-bisphosphate do?

A

inhibits gluconeogenesis, stimulates glycolysis and is stimulated by insulin

43
Q

what decreases fructose-2,6-bisphosphate?

A

glucagon

44
Q

what does pyruvate kinase do?

A

catalyzes the 3rd irreversible step in glycolysis

45
Q

what inhibits pyruvate kinase?

A

increased alanine, ATP or pyruvate

46
Q

what stimulates pyruvate kinase?

A

increased ADP or PEP, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

47
Q

when blood glucose is low which hormone is secreted?

A

glucagon

Biochem 2 palmer (7 decks)

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