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Biochem 2 palmer > exam 1 bioenergetics/ ATP-PC system > Flashcards

exam 1 bioenergetics/ ATP-PC system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the 1st law of thermodynamics?

A

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

  • cannot be created or destroyed
  • one form to another
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2
Q

what is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?

A

DISORDER

universe tends to move toward disorder

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3
Q

what is bioenergetics?

A

transfer and use of energy in biologic systems

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4
Q

what is entropy?

A

the disorder of components in a chemical system

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5
Q

what is enthalpy?

A

heat content in chemical reaction

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6
Q

if a reaction releases heat it is?

A

exothermic

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7
Q

if a reaction absorbs heat it is?

A

endothermic

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8
Q

both entropy and enthalpy are used in a mathematical equation to determine?

A

free energy

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9
Q

what can free energy determine?

A

whether or not a reaction can proceed spontaneously

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10
Q

what is gibbs free energy ^G?

A

change in free (available) energy

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11
Q

what does gibbs free energy ^G predict?

A

if a reaction will proceed and in what direction

*can turn energy into energy-rich compounds like ATP

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12
Q

if there is a net loss of energy and the reaction does proceed it is a + or a - ^G?

A

it would be a negative ^G and the reaction is EXERGONIC

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13
Q

if there is a net gain of energy and a reaction does not proceed would it be a positive or negative ^G?

A

positive ^G; energy must be added to make it proceed and the reaction is ENDERGONIC

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14
Q

when ^G is at zero what is happening?

A

reactants are at equilibrium

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15
Q

what is a constant number for a given reaction that tells us how much free energy is available under standard conditions?

A

standard free energy

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16
Q

what is a coupled reaction?

A

2 reactions happening at the same time; endergonic coupled with exergonic

  • net ^G must be negative for reaction to occur
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17
Q

what is ATP?

A

the energy currency of the cell

18
Q

when the bond between ATP’s phosphate groups is broken, large amounts of free energy are released, how much?

A

-7.3 kCal/mol

19
Q

the energy available from ATP can be used for?

A
  1. coupling with endergonic reactions
  2. transport of molecules against a concentration gradient
  3. mechanical motion
20
Q

at rest how much ATP do you consume every day?

A

40kg

21
Q

during exercise how much ATP is used?

A

over 1 lb every minute

22
Q

what does AMP concentration increase?

A
  1. ATP consumption
  2. decreased nutrients
  3. exercise
23
Q

what is AMP?

A

activated protein kinase- regulatory enzyme

24
Q

what does AMP do?

A

phosphorylates key enzymes

  • increasing glucose transport
  • suppressing energy requiring pathways
25
Q

what does AMP inhibit?

A

glycogen synthesis
cholesterol synthesis
TAG synthesis
FA synthesis

26
Q

what does AMP stimulate?

A 
GLUT4- glucose transport
glycogen breakdown
glycolysis 
fat burning
lipoprotein lipase (LPLm) activation
27
Q

where is adenylate cyclase?

A

plasma membrane

28
Q

adenylate cyclase stimulates an energy reaction which results in?

A

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

29
Q

what does cAMP stimulate

A

a powerful enzyme- cAMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase A, PKA

30
Q

what shuts down glycogen synthesis and activates glycogen breakdown?

A

glucagon

31
Q

what are compounds with more free energy than ATP?

A

phosphoenolpyruvate-PEP -14.8 kcal/mol
creatine phosphate -10.3 kcal/mol

usually coupled with high endergonic reactions and may be used to create ATP

32
Q

PCr is what?

A

phosphocreatine AKA phosphagen system or creatine phosphate system

33
Q

where does the ATP-PC system take place?

A

mitochondria and cytosol

34
Q

phosphocreatine PCr is what type of compound?

A

high energy compound

35
Q

the ATP-PC reaction is what type of reaction?

A

a couple reaction that is a short duration in results in the fast replacement of ATP
-active muscle contraction and glycolysis

36
Q

what is there more of in skeletal muscle than ATP?

A

10x PCr than ATP- its reservoir replenishes ATP

37
Q

amount of creatine in skeletal muscle is relative to?

A

muscle mass

38
Q

phosphocreatine supplies the phosphoric group for?

A

ATP synthesis

39
Q

what are the enzyme and cofactor needed for the ATP-PC reaction to occur?

A

creatine kinase and magnesium

40
Q

what does the ATP-PC system do?

A

make ATP or replenish PCr depending the direction of the reaction

41
Q

what inhibits the ATP-PC pathway?

A

EXCESS product- high energy, high ATP or low PCr

42
Q

what stimulates the ATP-PC pathway?

A

reactants- high ADP, high PCr

Biochem 2 palmer (7 decks)

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