exam 1 basics Flashcards
what is NAD/NADH a derivative of? What does it do?
niacin (B3); it accepts and donates electrons
what is FAD/FADH a derivative of? what does it do?
riboflavin (B2); accepts and donates electrons
what is CoA a derivative of?
pantothenic acid (B5)
what does CoA do?
- holds and transfers acetyl and acyl groups
- makes a thioester bond
what does A stand for in CoA?
acetylation- universal carrier of acyl groups
what are enzymes?
proteins that lower the activation energy required for a reaction to proceed
most enzymes are inducible which means?
we can make more if we need them
when you add a phosphate to something you need?
kinase
when you remove a phosphate from something you need?
phosphatase
what is isomerization and what enzyme do you need?
rearranging of atoms and you need isomerase
what is mutation and what enzyme do you need?
shifting a group on a molecule and you need a mutase
what is synthesis and what enzyme do you need?
building something and you need synthase or synthatase
what is redox and what enzyme is needed?
oxidizing or reducing something and dehydrogenase is needed
what is oxidation?
addition of oxygen, removal of hydrogen, or removal of electrons from an element or compound
what is reduction?
deletion of oxygen, addition of hydrogen or addition of electrons from an element or compound NEGATIVE charge= reduced
what is catabolism?
breakdown metabolism- larger molecules into smaller molecules; release energy, make ATP
is catabolism exergonic or endergonic?
exergonic-release ATP
what is anabolism?
building- smaller molecules built into larger molecules; require energy, uses ATP
is anabolism exergonic or endergonic?
endergonic- usually provided by hydrolysis of ATP
catabolic is usually oxidation or reduction?
oxidation- needs oxidized coenzymes; NAD+
anabolic is usually oxidation or reduction?
reduction- need reducing power
what are different pathway regulations?
- pathways can be REGULATED using different enzymes
- paired pathways may occur in different areas of the cells
- availability/ concentration of substrate vs. need/ concentration of product
- metabolic state- hormone signaling, energy requirements
in pathway regulation, excess reactant does what to the pathway?
stimulates
in pathway regulation, scarce reactant does what to the pathway?
inhibits
in pathway regulation, excess product does what to the pathway?
inhibits
in pathway regulation, scarce product does what to the pathway?
stimulates
fatty acid catabolism (breakdown) occurs where?
mitochondria
fatty acid anabolism (synthesis) occurs where?
cytosol
hormone reaction happens where?
outside the cell
what are small molecules made in one tissue and released into the blood stream?
hormones- they are carried to other tissues where they bind to receptors and can alter cellular activities
when is insulin secreted?
in response to high blood glucose and lowers blood glucose to baseline levels
what does glucagon do?
increases blood glucose levels, causes liver to release glucose from storage and causes liver to make glucose
what can epinephrine/norepinephrine act as?
a neurotransmitter and a hormone
epi/norepinephrine as a hormone does what?
regulates energy metabolism in liver and muscle
