exam 1 basics

Question 1

what is NAD/NADH a derivative of? What does it do?

Answer 1

niacin (B3); it accepts and donates electrons

Question 2

what is FAD/FADH a derivative of? what does it do?

Answer 2

riboflavin (B2); accepts and donates electrons

Question 3

what is CoA a derivative of?

Answer 3

pantothenic acid (B5)

Question 4

what does CoA do?

Answer 4

• holds and transfers acetyl and acyl groups

- makes a thioester bond

Question 5

what does A stand for in CoA?

Answer 5

acetylation- universal carrier of acyl groups

Question 6

what are enzymes?

Answer 6

proteins that lower the activation energy required for a reaction to proceed

Question 7

most enzymes are inducible which means?

Answer 7

we can make more if we need them

Question 8

when you add a phosphate to something you need?

Answer 8

kinase

Question 9

when you remove a phosphate from something you need?

Answer 9

phosphatase

Question 10

what is isomerization and what enzyme do you need?

Answer 10

rearranging of atoms and you need isomerase

Question 11

what is mutation and what enzyme do you need?

Answer 11

shifting a group on a molecule and you need a mutase

Question 12

what is synthesis and what enzyme do you need?

Answer 12

building something and you need synthase or synthatase

Question 13

what is redox and what enzyme is needed?

Answer 13

oxidizing or reducing something and dehydrogenase is needed

Question 14

what is oxidation?

Answer 14

addition of oxygen, removal of hydrogen, or removal of electrons from an element or compound

Question 15

what is reduction?

Answer 15

deletion of oxygen, addition of hydrogen or addition of electrons from an element or compound NEGATIVE charge= reduced

Question 16

what is catabolism?

Answer 16

breakdown metabolism- larger molecules into smaller molecules; release energy, make ATP

Question 17

is catabolism exergonic or endergonic?

Answer 17

exergonic-release ATP

Question 18

what is anabolism?

Answer 18

building- smaller molecules built into larger molecules; require energy, uses ATP

Question 19

is anabolism exergonic or endergonic?

Answer 19

endergonic- usually provided by hydrolysis of ATP

Question 20

catabolic is usually oxidation or reduction?

Answer 20

oxidation- needs oxidized coenzymes; NAD+

Question 21

anabolic is usually oxidation or reduction?

Answer 21

reduction- need reducing power

Question 22

what are different pathway regulations?

Answer 22

1. pathways can be REGULATED using different enzymes
2. paired pathways may occur in different areas of the cells
3. availability/ concentration of substrate vs. need/ concentration of product
4. metabolic state- hormone signaling, energy requirements

Question 23

in pathway regulation, excess reactant does what to the pathway?

Answer 23

stimulates

Question 24

in pathway regulation, scarce reactant does what to the pathway?

Answer 24

inhibits

Question 25

in pathway regulation, excess product does what to the pathway?

Answer 25

inhibits

Question 26

in pathway regulation, scarce product does what to the pathway?

Answer 26

stimulates

Question 27

fatty acid catabolism (breakdown) occurs where?

Answer 27

mitochondria

Question 28

fatty acid anabolism (synthesis) occurs where?

Answer 28

cytosol

Question 29

hormone reaction happens where?

Answer 29

outside the cell

Question 30

what are small molecules made in one tissue and released into the blood stream?

Answer 30

hormones- they are carried to other tissues where they bind to receptors and can alter cellular activities

Question 31

when is insulin secreted?

Answer 31

in response to high blood glucose and lowers blood glucose to baseline levels

Question 32

what does glucagon do?

Answer 32

increases blood glucose levels, causes liver to release glucose from storage and causes liver to make glucose

Question 33

what can epinephrine/norepinephrine act as?

Answer 33

a neurotransmitter and a hormone

Question 34

epi/norepinephrine as a hormone does what?

Answer 34

regulates energy metabolism in liver and muscle