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Organ Histo > Exam 1: Epithelium > Flashcards

Exam 1: Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

Mesothelium develops from

A

Mesoderm

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2
Q

Endothelium develops from

A

Endoderm

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3
Q

Epithelium develops from

A

Ectoderm

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4
Q

3 general functions of epithelium

A

Absorption
Secretion
Provide barrier

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5
Q

Specialized functions of epithelium

A

Transport moleclues
Prevent transport (selective permeability)
Sensory

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6
Q

5 basic characteristics

A
  1. Cells adjacent
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Avascular
  4. Vascular connective tissue
  5. Cell junctions
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7
Q

Complete basement membrane parts

A

Basal lamina

Reticular lamina

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8
Q

Basal lamina produced by

A

Epithelium

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9
Q

Reticular lamina produced by

A

Fibroblasts in connective tissue

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10
Q

Partial basement consists of

A

Basal lamina ONLY

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11
Q

Functions of basement membrane

A
  1. Surface for epithelial attachment
  2. Molecular filter
  3. Limits stretch
  4. Directs migration of cells
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12
Q

How do cells obtain nutrition

A

Diffusion

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13
Q

Functions of vascular connective tissue

A

Provides nutrition

Source of defensive cells

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14
Q

Zonula occludens AKA

A

Tight junction

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15
Q

These junctions involve sharing of intrinsic membrane proteins between adjacent cells

A

Zonula occludens

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16
Q

Examples of interacting proteins

A

Claudins

Occludins

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17
Q

Tight junctions are always located at

A

Apex

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18
Q

2 functions of zonula occludens

A

Provides strong attachment

Prevent passage of materials btw cells

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19
Q

Zonula adherens AKA

A

Adhesion belt

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20
Q

Zonula adherens are regions consisting of

A

Cadherins and marginal bands

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21
Q

Marginal bands

A

Attach cytoskeleton to cell membrane

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22
Q

Cadherins are

A

Linkage proteins between cells

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23
Q

Two functions of adhesion belts

A

Strong attachment

Provide cell structural stability

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24
Q

Macula adherens AKA

A

Desmosome

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25
Q

Functions of macula adherens

A

Provides strong attachment

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26
Q

3 major parts of desmosome

A
  1. Cytoplasmic plaque
  2. Transmembrane proteins
  3. Tonofilaments
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27
Q

Gap junctions consists of

A

6 connexins arranges in a cylinder

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28
Q

The size of the opening of a gap junctions is controlled by

A

The cell

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29
Q

Connexon

A

1 complete structure (6 connexins)

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30
Q

2 functions of gap junctions

A

Strong attachment

Transport materials btw cells

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31
Q

Junctional complex in order starting w/ free surface

A

Zonula occludens
Zonula adherens
Macula adherens

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32
Q

What structure will help to limit epithelial cell stretch

A

Basement membrane

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33
Q

What tissue is always associated w/ epithelium

A

Connective tissue

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34
Q

Cell junction consists of protein plaque, transmembrane proteins and tonofilaments

A

Macula adherens

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35
Q

Bullous pemphigoid

A

Autoimmune skin disease

Large blister lesions, DO heal

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36
Q

Cause of bullous pemphigoid

A

Antibodies to proteins in hemidesmosomes

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37
Q

Pemphigus vulgaris

A

Autoimmune skin disease

Skin blistering that DO NOT heal

Excessive bleeding likely

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38
Q

Cause of pemphigus vulgaris

A

Antibodies bind to desmosomes

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39
Q

Cholera

A

Acute bacterial infection of SI

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40
Q

Cause of cholera

A

Toxins disrupt zonula occludens

Permit loss of water and electrolytes from CT below epithelium

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41
Q

Simple epithelium

A

Single cell thick

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42
Q

Squamous

A

Flat cells

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43
Q

Example locations of simple squamous epi

A

Lung
Parietal layer Bowman’s capsule in kidney
Serosa on outside of organs

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44
Q

Functions of simple squamous epi

A

Living filter
Provide barrier
Secretion

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45
Q

Example locations of simple cuboidal epi

A

Exocrine ducts
Thyroid follicular cells
Prox and distal convoluted kidney tubules

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46
Q

Simple cuboidal epi functions

A

Absorption
Secretion
Provide barrier

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47
Q

Example locations of simple columnar epi

A

Stomach
SI
Gallbladder
Larger exocrine ducts

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48
Q

Functions of simple columnar epi

A

Absorption
Secretion
Provide barrier

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49
Q

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epi AKA

A

Respiratory epi

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50
Q

Example locations of respiratory epi

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Respiratory region of nasal cavity

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51
Q

Function of respiratory epi

A

Catch and move something over the surface

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52
Q

Goblet cells

A

Modified columnar cell

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53
Q

Function of Goblet cells

A

Produce mucus

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54
Q

Cilia is anchored by

A

Basal bodies

55
Q

Function of ciliated columnar cells

A

Move mucus over the surface

56
Q

Basal cells

A

Short cells

Do not reach surface

57
Q

Function of basal cells

A

To be stem cell

Divide and change into another cell type

58
Q

Microvilli AKA

A

Brush border

Striated border

59
Q

Microvilli

A

Finger-like projections on apical surface

Inc surface area to inc absorption

60
Q

Example locations of microvilli

A

Kidney tubule cells

SI

61
Q

Stereocilia

A

Extremely long microvilli

Increase surface area

62
Q

Stereocilia compared to microvilli

A

Less motile

Rigid w/ actin core

63
Q

Example locations of stereocilia

A

Epididymis

Cochlear hair cells

64
Q

Cilia

A

Thin apical hair-like extensions of cytoskeleton

65
Q

Two points about cells w/ cilia

A

Cell have many mitochondria

Basal bodies block free surface so there is NO absorption or secretion

66
Q

Example locations of cilia

A

Trachea

Oviduct

67
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Surface layer of glycoproteins and carbs

Protection and cell recognition

68
Q

Example locations of glycocalyx

A

Stomach and SI

69
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

Two or more cell layers thick

Named for shape of superficial cells

70
Q

Example locations Stratified squamous epi

A

Esophagus
Oral cavity
Tongue
Vagina

71
Q

Stratified squamous general function

A

Protection from abrasion in moist environment

72
Q

Limitations of stratified squamous epi

A

No protection from drying

Protection is limited

73
Q

Example location Keratinized stratified squamous

74
Q

Function of keratinized strat squamous dpi

A

Protection in dry environment

75
Q

Layers in epi of skin

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Stratum corneum
76
Q

3 gen functions of stratum corneum

A

Prevent water loss
Barrier to microbes
Protects against abrasion

77
Q

Epi cells types in keratinized strat squamous epi

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans
Merkel

78
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Divide in stratum basale
Produce keratins
Produce lipids in stratum granulosum

79
Q

Melanocytes found in

A

Stratum basale

80
Q

General functions of melanocytes

A

Protect from UV radiation

Determine skin color

81
Q

Eumelanin

82
Q

Pheomelanin

83
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Antigen presenting cells (APC)

Found in stratum spinosum

84
Q

Merkel cells found in

A

Stratum basale

85
Q

Merkel cells associated w/

A

Free nerve endings

Touch receptors

86
Q

Cell type in stratum corneum

A

none (all dead)

87
Q

Example locations Stratified cuboidal

A

Larger ducts in sweat and salivary glands

88
Q

Strat cuboidal epi functions

A

Increase protection

Barrier

89
Q

Example locations Strat columnar epi

A

Pancreatic ducts
Male urethra
Conjunctiva

90
Q

Strat columnar epi functions

A

Increase protection
Transition between epi types
Barrier

91
Q

Transitional epi AKA

A

Urothelium

92
Q

Example locations of transitional epi

A

Most of urinary tract

93
Q

Function of transitional epi

A

Protection
Stretch
Barrier

94
Q

Specializations of transitional epi

A

Thin, fenestrated BM
Large, rounded superficial cells
Well-developed zonula occludens

95
Q

Psoriasis vulgaris appears as

A

Patchy skin lesions

96
Q

Psoriasis vulgaris effect in dermal papillae

A

Inflammation

97
Q

Psoriasis effect on cell cycle

A

Keratinocytes life cycle is sped up (~1 week)

98
Q

Cells accumulate here in psoriasis vulgaris

A

Stratum corneum

99
Q

Freckles result from an

A

Increase in the amount of melanin without an increase in melanocytes

100
Q

Freckles

A

Skin spots with extra pigment that fade in the winter and darken with sun exposure

101
Q

Vitiligo appear as

A

Patches without melanocytes (lighter than the skin)

102
Q

Cause of Vitiligo

A

Unknown but associated with system diseases such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, Addison’s disease, pernicious anemia, and leprosy

103
Q

Moles (naevi)

A

Discoloration due to a proliferation of melanocytes

104
Q

Characteristics of Malignant Melanoma

A

Occur when melanocytes become mitotically active and invade the dermis. Very invasive and metastatic

105
Q

Treatment for malignant melanoma

A

Surgery and chemotherapy

106
Q

Cause of Albinism

A

Melanocytes don’t produce melanin

107
Q

Common form of albinism

A

The tyrosinase enzyme is missing from the melanocytes

Tyrosinase catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to melanin

108
Q

Exocrine secretion

A

Product is released into a duct or directly onto an epithelial surface

109
Q

Parenchyma

A

Parts involved with primary function

Ex: Biceps brachii- skeletal muscle cells

110
Q

Storms

A

Parts providing mechanical or metabolic support

Ex: biceps brachii- CT, nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels

111
Q

3 methods of exercise exocrine secretion

A

Merocrine, holocrine, apocrine

112
Q

Morphology of exocrine secretion

A

Classifying exocrine glands by the shape of the secretory units and duct arrangement

113
Q

Merocrine AKA

114
Q

Merocrine examples

A
  1. Goblet cells
  2. Salivary glands
  3. Pancreas
  4. All sweat glands in children
  5. Many adult sweat glands
115
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

Most common method of secretion. No cell damaged with secretion

116
Q

Examples of holocrine secretion

A
  1. Sebaceous glands

2. Tarsal (meibomian) glands of eyelid

117
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Cell matures and dies

The entire cell secretes with in-tact vacuoles

Associated with odor

118
Q

Apocrine gland examples

A
  1. Lactating mammary glands
  2. Adult pubic and auxiliary sweat glands
  3. Ceremonious glands in EAC
  4. Ciliary glands in eyelid
119
Q

Apocrine gland secretion

A

Minimal cell damage

Some cytoplasm, membrane, and in-tact vacuoles are secreted

Associated with odor

120
Q

Acinus

A

Smallest division of gland

Group of cells surrounding cavity

121
Q

Serous demilune

A

Small group of serous cells attached to mucus acinus

122
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

Contractile cells

Wrap around acini

123
Q

Myoepithelial cell locations

A

Salivary/sweat glands
Lacrimal glands
Lactating mammary glands

124
Q

Myoepithelial cell function

A

Assist secretion

125
Q

Serous glands produce

126
Q

Examples of serous glands

A

Pancreas
Parotid gland
Chief cells in stomach

127
Q

Mucus gland examples

A

Goblet cells
Cells in stomach
Minor salivary glands

128
Q

Mucus gland characteristics

A

Cells stain light

Nucleus flat and peripheral

129
Q

Mixed glands produce

A

Serous and mucus

130
Q

Mixed glands examples

A

Sublingual and submandibular salivary glands

131
Q

Mixed glands, ______ are possible

A

Serous demilunes

132
Q

Exocrine regulation

A

Myoepithelial cells
Hormones
Blood supply

133
Q

Increase blood will _____ O2 which will ______ secretion

A

Increase; increase

134
Q

Decrease blood will _____ O2 which will _____ secretion

A

Decrease; decrease

Organ Histo (9 decks)

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