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BIO1300 > EXAM 1 - Chapters 1 - 6 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 - Chapters 1 - 6 Flashcards

Only chapter 1 - 4 are on this deck. Go to the decks made individually for Chapters 5 & 6.

1
Q

What is EVOLUTION? What is its contribution to biology/organisms? Whats the difference between adaptation & mutation?

A
  • Evolution is the change in frequency of inherited characteristics within a population // process of change // patters of unity and diversity
  • Adaptations are inherited / evolutionary changes … mutations are accumulated over time.
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2
Q

How does Charles Darwin describe NATURAL SELECTION ?

A
  • Individuals that are suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
  • Over time, the more individuals within a populations have an advantageous trait.
  • Natural Selection results in the adaptation of organisms to their environment.
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3
Q

What are prokaryotic cells? What are prokaryotes, what domains compose these cells?

A
  • Prokaryotic are small, microscopic, single-celled organisms. They have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles.
  • Domains Bacteria and Archaea compose these groups
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4
Q

What are eukaryotic cells? Whats their difference from prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells DO have a nucleus (largest) and membrane bound organelles.

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5
Q

What does DNA consist of? What is DNA?

A
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid is the substance of genes.

- Chromosomes compose the cells genetic material in the form of DNA.

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6
Q

What are genes? What do they help build?

A
  • Genes are units of inheritance that come from the parents to offspring.
  • Genes encode information to build proteins.
  • genomes are an entire set of genetic instructions.
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7
Q

What is gene expression? What are the two types of processes of gene expression?

A
  • Gene expression is the process of converting genes into cellular products.
  • Transcription and translation are the two processes.
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8
Q

Describe negative and positive feedback when it comes to self-regulation?

A
  • Positive feedback is when a product’s supply meets the demand / when more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it speeds up and more is produced. (ex: )
  • Negative feedback is when more of a product accumulates and a product slows down.
    (ex: Traffic.)
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9
Q

What are the nucleotides? The 4 abbreviations ?

A

Nucleotides are what make the strands of DNA - they are A, C, T, G

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10
Q

List DNA Structure

A

Cell , Nucleus, Chromosome, DNA, Gene

  • Each chromosome has 1 long DNA molecule with 1000’a od genes.
  • Each DNA molecule is made of 2 chains composed of nucleotides.
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11
Q

What is a covalent bond? How many atoms are bonding?

A

A covalent bond is the sharing of a pair of electrons by TWO atoms.

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12
Q

What is a covalent bond? How many atoms are bonding?

A

A covalent bond is the sharing of a pair of electrons by TWO atoms. The most strongest bond.

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13
Q

Which are the essential elements vs trace elements?

A
  • Essential elements are, Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N)
  • Trace elements are Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Sulfur (S), Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), Magnesium (Mg)
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14
Q

What are atoms? What are they composed of?

A
  • Atoms are the smallest unit of matter

- Atoms are composed of subatomic particles such as protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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15
Q

What are protons, neutrons, and electrons and their charges?

A
  • Protons (+) = atomic number
  • Neutrons (neutral charge) = atomic mass is the number of protons + neutrons
  • Electrons (-) = equal to number of protons
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16
Q

What are protons, neutrons, and electrons and their charges?

A
  • Protons (+) = atomic number
  • Neutrons (neutral charge) = atomic mass is the number of protons + neutrons
  • Electrons (-) = equal to number of protons
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17
Q

What differs between two atoms if they are considered isotopes?

A
  • Neutrons.

- Isotopes are two atoms of an element with different number of neutrons.

18
Q

What is a valence shell / electron? What does the term valency mean?

A
  • Valence electrons are those in the outermost shell, or the valence shell.
  • An atoms bonding capacity is it’s valency.
19
Q

What is an atom’s attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond?

A

Electronegativity. the more electronegative an atom is, the stronger the pull towards itself is

20
Q

True or False: Non-polar covalent bonds do not share electrons equally.

A

False. Non-polar covalent bonds DO share electrons easily. Polar covalent bonds do not.

21
Q

What are ionic bonds? Describe the cations, anions, and ions.

A
  • Ions are charged atoms/molecules. Ionic bonds are formed between positively charged ions and negative ones. (Cations and Anions)
  • Cations are positively charged ions that lost electrons.
  • Anions are negatively charged ions that gain electrons.
22
Q

Describe the difference between cohesion and adhesion.

A
  • Cohesion is the transport of water against gravity in plants.
  • Adhesion if the attraction between different substances. (ex: water and cell wall)
23
Q

How is surface tension related to cohesion?

A

Surface tension is the collective strength of hydrogen bonds that prevent the surface of a liquid from breaking. (ex: How certain insects can walk on water due to hydrophobic substances)

24
Q

What is heat and temperature a measure of?

A

kinetic energy

25
Q

Define kinetic energy.

A

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Heat is the total internal energy - temperature is the average kinetic energy, measures heat intensity.

26
Q

Water has a HIGH specific heat. What does that mean?

A

Specific heat is the amount of heat that must be gained or lost in order for 1g of the substance to change its temperature by 1*C

27
Q

Water has a HIGH specific heat. What does that mean?

A
  • Specific heat is the amount of heat that must be gained or lost in order for 1g of the substance to change its temperature by 1*C
  • With a high s.h, water heats and cools slowly.
28
Q

What is referred to as the heat a liquid bust absorb for 1g to be converted to gas?

A

Heat of vaporization.

Evaporation is the transformation of a substance from liquid to gas.

29
Q

Describe the many parts of a solution. Be sure to describe the difference between solvent and solute?

A

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of substances. Where a solute is dissolved in a solvent.

  • solvents are the dissolving agent of a solution.
  • solutes are the substance being dissolved.
  • pouring sugar in water, sugar would be a solute.
30
Q

True or False: An aqueous solution is one where water is the solvent.

A

TRUE.

31
Q

Describe the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances.

A
  • Hydrophobic doesn’t have an affinity for water where hydrophilic does.
  • Hydrophilic substances are attracted to water.
32
Q

Whats the difference between an acid and a base on the pH scale? What do they measure?

A
  • An ACID is any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution.
    [Their pH values are less than 7. (<7)]
  • A base is any substance that reduces the H+ concentration.
    [Their pH is greater than 7. (>7)]
33
Q

What is is called when rain/snow/fog has a precipitation lower than 5.2?
What does this type of phenomena cause damages to?

A
  • Acid precipitation.

- It damages life in lakes/streams, as well as damages soil chemistry on land.

34
Q

What are buffers and what do they do?

A

Buffers are substances that slow down / minimize /resist the changes in concentrations of H+ and OH-

35
Q

What is the process of ocean acidification and what does it threaten?

A
  • Ocean acidification is when CO2 is dissolved in sea water, forming carbonic acid. This causes damage to the reef-building corals.
  • Carbonate is needed for the production of calcium carbonate.
36
Q

What is the difference between a hydrogen ion (H+), hydronium ion(H3O+), and a hydroxide ion(OH-)?

A
  • A hydrogen ion loses an electron while transferring a proton to become H+
  • a hydronium ion is the molecule with an extra proton (H3O+)
  • a hydroxide ion is the molecule that lost the proton (OH-)
37
Q

What is the name of the organic molecules consisting of only hydrogens and carbons?
What is an organic molecule that contains hydrocarbons?

A

HYDROCARBONS

Fats

38
Q

What are the 4 major elements of organic molecules? AKA the building codes that govern the architecture of living molecules

A

Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen

39
Q

Describe Isomers and Enantiomers. What are the differences between the two?

A
  • Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties.
  • Enantiomers are isomers that mirror one another. Used in the pharmaceutical industry.
40
Q

What are functional groups ?

A

Specific group of atoms within a compound that is responsible for the characteristics of chemical reactions.

41
Q

What are the 7 chemical functional groups?

A 
Hydroxyl (-OH)
Carbonyl (-C=O)
Carboxyl (-COOH) || (-C(=O)OH)
Amino (-NHH) 
Sulfhydryl (-SH) 
Phosphate (-PO4 -3) 
Methyl Group (-CH3)
42
Q

What does ATP stand for?

What is the function of ATP?

A
  • Adenosine Triphosphate

- ATP is the primary energy-transferring molecule. Consisting of adenosine attached to 3 phosphate groups.

BIO1300 (11 decks)

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