EXAM 1 - Chapters 1 - 6

Question 1

What is EVOLUTION? What is its contribution to biology/organisms? Whats the difference between adaptation & mutation?

Answer 1

• Evolution is the change in frequency of inherited characteristics within a population // process of change // patters of unity and diversity
• Adaptations are inherited / evolutionary changes … mutations are accumulated over time.

Question 2

How does Charles Darwin describe NATURAL SELECTION ?

Answer 2

• Individuals that are suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
• Over time, the more individuals within a populations have an advantageous trait.
• Natural Selection results in the adaptation of organisms to their environment.

Question 3

What are prokaryotic cells? What are prokaryotes, what domains compose these cells?

Answer 3

• Prokaryotic are small, microscopic, single-celled organisms. They have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles.
• Domains Bacteria and Archaea compose these groups

Question 4

What are eukaryotic cells? Whats their difference from prokaryotic cells?

Answer 4

Eukaryotic cells DO have a nucleus (largest) and membrane bound organelles.

Question 5

What does DNA consist of? What is DNA?

Answer 5

• Deoxyribonucleic acid is the substance of genes.

- Chromosomes compose the cells genetic material in the form of DNA.

Question 6

What are genes? What do they help build?

Answer 6

• Genes are units of inheritance that come from the parents to offspring.
• Genes encode information to build proteins.
• genomes are an entire set of genetic instructions.

Question 7

What is gene expression? What are the two types of processes of gene expression?

Answer 7

• Gene expression is the process of converting genes into cellular products.
• Transcription and translation are the two processes.

Question 8

Describe negative and positive feedback when it comes to self-regulation?

Answer 8

• Positive feedback is when a product’s supply meets the demand / when more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it speeds up and more is produced. (ex: )
• Negative feedback is when more of a product accumulates and a product slows down.
  (ex: Traffic.)

Question 9

What are the nucleotides? The 4 abbreviations ?

Answer 9

Nucleotides are what make the strands of DNA - they are A, C, T, G

Question 10

List DNA Structure

Answer 10

Cell , Nucleus, Chromosome, DNA, Gene

• Each chromosome has 1 long DNA molecule with 1000’a od genes.
• Each DNA molecule is made of 2 chains composed of nucleotides.

Question 11

What is a covalent bond? How many atoms are bonding?

Answer 11

A covalent bond is the sharing of a pair of electrons by TWO atoms.

Question 12

What is a covalent bond? How many atoms are bonding?

Answer 12

A covalent bond is the sharing of a pair of electrons by TWO atoms. The most strongest bond.

Question 13

Which are the essential elements vs trace elements?

Answer 13

• Essential elements are, Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N)
• Trace elements are Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Sulfur (S), Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), Magnesium (Mg)

Question 14

What are atoms? What are they composed of?

Answer 14

• Atoms are the smallest unit of matter

- Atoms are composed of subatomic particles such as protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Question 15

What are protons, neutrons, and electrons and their charges?

Answer 15

• Protons (+) = atomic number
• Neutrons (neutral charge) = atomic mass is the number of protons + neutrons
• Electrons (-) = equal to number of protons

Question 16

What are protons, neutrons, and electrons and their charges?

Answer 16

• Protons (+) = atomic number
• Neutrons (neutral charge) = atomic mass is the number of protons + neutrons
• Electrons (-) = equal to number of protons

Question 17

What differs between two atoms if they are considered isotopes?

Answer 17

• Neutrons.

- Isotopes are two atoms of an element with different number of neutrons.

Question 18

What is a valence shell / electron? What does the term valency mean?

Answer 18

• Valence electrons are those in the outermost shell, or the valence shell.
• An atoms bonding capacity is it’s valency.

Question 19

What is an atom’s attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond?

Answer 19

Electronegativity. the more electronegative an atom is, the stronger the pull towards itself is

Question 20

True or False: Non-polar covalent bonds do not share electrons equally.

Answer 20

False. Non-polar covalent bonds DO share electrons easily. Polar covalent bonds do not.

Question 21

What are ionic bonds? Describe the cations, anions, and ions.

Answer 21

• Ions are charged atoms/molecules. Ionic bonds are formed between positively charged ions and negative ones. (Cations and Anions)
• Cations are positively charged ions that lost electrons.
• Anions are negatively charged ions that gain electrons.

Question 22

Describe the difference between cohesion and adhesion.

Answer 22

• Cohesion is the transport of water against gravity in plants.
• Adhesion if the attraction between different substances. (ex: water and cell wall)

Question 23

How is surface tension related to cohesion?

Answer 23

Surface tension is the collective strength of hydrogen bonds that prevent the surface of a liquid from breaking. (ex: How certain insects can walk on water due to hydrophobic substances)

Question 24

What is heat and temperature a measure of?

Answer 24

kinetic energy

Question 25

Define kinetic energy.

Answer 25

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Heat is the total internal energy - temperature is the average kinetic energy, measures heat intensity.

Question 26

Water has a HIGH specific heat. What does that mean?

Answer 26

Specific heat is the amount of heat that must be gained or lost in order for 1g of the substance to change its temperature by 1*C

Question 27

Water has a HIGH specific heat. What does that mean?

Answer 27

- Specific heat is the amount of heat that must be gained or lost in order for 1g of the substance to change its temperature by 1*C - With a high s.h, water heats and cools slowly.

Question 28

What is referred to as the heat a liquid bust absorb for 1g to be converted to gas?

Answer 28

Heat of vaporization. | Evaporation is the transformation of a substance from liquid to gas.

Question 29

Describe the many parts of a solution. Be sure to describe the difference between solvent and solute?

Answer 29

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of substances. Where a solute is dissolved in a solvent. - solvents are the dissolving agent of a solution. - solutes are the substance being dissolved. - pouring sugar in water, sugar would be a solute.

Question 30

True or False: An aqueous solution is one where water is the solvent.

Answer 30

TRUE.

Question 31

Describe the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances.

Answer 31

- Hydrophobic doesn't have an affinity for water where hydrophilic does. - Hydrophilic substances are attracted to water.

Question 32

Whats the difference between an acid and a base on the pH scale? What do they measure?

Answer 32

- An ACID is any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution. [Their pH values are less than 7. (<7)] - A base is any substance that reduces the H+ concentration. [Their pH is greater than 7. (>7)]

Question 33

What is is called when rain/snow/fog has a precipitation lower than 5.2? What does this type of phenomena cause damages to?

Answer 33

- Acid precipitation. | - It damages life in lakes/streams, as well as damages soil chemistry on land.

Question 34

What are buffers and what do they do?

Answer 34

Buffers are substances that slow down / minimize /resist the changes in concentrations of H+ and OH-

Question 35

What is the process of ocean acidification and what does it threaten?

Answer 35

- Ocean acidification is when CO2 is dissolved in sea water, forming carbonic acid. This causes damage to the reef-building corals. - Carbonate is needed for the production of calcium carbonate.

Question 36

What is the difference between a hydrogen ion (H+), hydronium ion(H3O+), and a hydroxide ion(OH-)?

Answer 36

- A hydrogen ion loses an electron while transferring a proton to become H+ - a hydronium ion is the molecule with an extra proton (H3O+) - a hydroxide ion is the molecule that lost the proton (OH-)

Question 37

What is the name of the organic molecules consisting of only hydrogens and carbons? What is an organic molecule that contains hydrocarbons?

Answer 37

HYDROCARBONS Fats

Question 38

What are the 4 major elements of organic molecules? AKA the building codes that govern the architecture of living molecules

Answer 38

Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen

Question 39

Describe Isomers and Enantiomers. What are the differences between the two?

Answer 39

- Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties. - Enantiomers are isomers that mirror one another. Used in the pharmaceutical industry.

Question 40

What are functional groups ?

Answer 40

Specific group of atoms within a compound that is responsible for the characteristics of chemical reactions.

Question 41

What are the 7 chemical functional groups?

Answer 41

``` Hydroxyl (-OH) Carbonyl (-C=O) Carboxyl (-COOH) || (-C(=O)OH) Amino (-NHH) Sulfhydryl (-SH) Phosphate (-PO4 -3) Methyl Group (-CH3) ```

Question 42

What does ATP stand for? | What is the function of ATP?

Answer 42

- Adenosine Triphosphate | - ATP is the primary energy-transferring molecule. Consisting of adenosine attached to 3 phosphate groups.