CHAPTER 5 - LIPIDS, PROTEINS, CARBS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS

Question 1

What are the four classes organic biomolecules?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids*

3/4 are polymers

Question 2

What are polymers?

Answer 2

long molecule composed of covalently bonded monomers

Question 3

What purpose do carbohydrates serve?

Answer 3

They are the source and storage of energy. Serve as fuel and building materials. Carbs are sugar!

Question 4

What happens in a Dehydration Reaction?

Answer 4

The two monomers are bonded together due to the loss of a water molecule. The removal of a water molecule forms a new bond.

Question 5

What is a Hydrolysis Reaction?

Answer 5

The opposite of a dehydration reaction; it is the disassembling of a polymer to a monomer. There is an addition of a water molecule that breaks the bond.

Question 6

What are the different types of sugar?

Answer 6

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

Question 7

What are monosaccharides? What is their purpose?

Answer 7

They are the simplest single sugar. Serve as fuel and raw material for building molecules.
They are glucose, galactose, and fructose. Found in multiples of CH2O. In the Carbonyl Group.

Question 8

What are the three monosaccharides?

Answer 8

Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose

Question 9

What is a disaccharide? What is the name of the bond that forms this link?

Answer 9

Two sugar molecules (monosaccharides) are bonded during a dehydration reaction. It’s a covalent bond, called glycosidic linkage. They form to make more complex sugars such as maltose, sucrose, and lactose.

Question 10

What is glycosidic linkage?

Answer 10

The bonding of two monosaccharides during a dehydration reaction / loss of a water molecule.

Question 11

What are the different disaccharides?

Answer 11

Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose

Question 12

What is the function of a disaccharide?

Answer 12

They are short term energy sources.

Question 13

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 13

3 glucose molecule - serves as structure and storage in plants, animals, insects, and humans.
Polysaccharides include starch, cellulose, chitin, and glycogen.

Question 14

What is starch? Where is it stored?

Answer 14

Storage found in plants - found in chloroplasts. Simplest form is Amylose.

Question 15

What are the two starches? From simplest to complex.

Answer 15

Amylose and Amylopectin.

Question 16

Define Glycogen. Where is it stored? What species?

Answer 16

Glycogen is a polysaccharide storage found in animals/humans/etc. It is stored glucose, so stored energy. Located in the liver and muscle cells.

Question 17

Define cellulose and it’s role.

Answer 17

Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide found in plant cells. Polymer consisted of glucose monomers

Question 18

What is chitin? What does it do?

Answer 18

Chitin is a structural polysaccharide found in exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans. They provide structural support in cell walls of fungi

Question 19

Define and list Lipids. Are they hydrophobic or hydrophillic? What bond do they form?

Answer 19

Lipids are hydrophobic molecules that work as chemical messengers and energy storage. They are hydrophobic molecules that form nonpolar covalent bonds. They are fats (triacylglycerols) and oils, phospholipids, and steroids

Question 20

What type of bond forms lipids?

Answer 20

Nonpolar covalent bonds.

Question 21

What are Triacylglycerols consisted of?

Answer 21

fats (triacylglycerols) are constructed from gycerol and fatty acids. Hydroxyl and carboxyl.

Question 22

Whats the purpose of fat/tricylglycerols?

Answer 22

They store fat in adipose cells for energy storage.

Question 23

What are adipose cells and what do they do?

Answer 23

Adipose cells are fat cells that cushion vital organs and insulate the body.

Question 24

What are the two types of fat(ty acids)? How many bonds do they have?

Answer 24

Saturated and unsaturated.

Saturated has no double bonds where unsaturated have one or more double bonds.

Question 25

Explain saturated fats

Answer 25

Saturated fats have the most amount of hydrogen molecules and have no double bonds. They are solid at room temperature. *Unhealthy fats* Animal fats are saturated

Question 26

Describe unsaturated fats and where they can be found

Answer 26

unsaturated fats have one or more double bond and are liquid at room temperature. In plants and fish.

Question 27

What fats are unsaturated?

Answer 27

plant and fish fats

Question 28

what fats are saturated

Answer 28

animals

Question 29

what are phospholipids and their function?

Answer 29

polar lipids consisting of two fatty acids with a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head. they create a permeable membrane around the cell.

Question 30

What are the two types of steroids? What are their purposes?

Answer 30

Cholesterol and Hormones. Cholesterol is a component in animal cell membranes. Hormones are signaling molecules.

Question 31

Define proteins. What are enzymes? What does a protein consist of?

Answer 31

Proteins are (+)50% dry mass of most cells. They provide structural support, transport, communication, movement, and defense against foreign substances. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions. Proteins are made of one or more polypeptides.

Question 32

What are polypeptides?

Answer 32

An unbranched chain of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds. They help make proteins by bonding amino acids to one another

Question 33

What are amino acids?

Answer 33

the molecule used to form protein. When protein is broken down, amino acids are the end result. Linked by peptide bonds.

Question 34

describe primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure

Answer 34

Primary- unique sequence of amino acids Secondary- coils and folds Tertiary - 3D folding pattern Quaternary - multiple polypeptide chains

Question 35

What happens in denaturation?

Answer 35

the protein loses its native structure.