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BIO 207- Human Physiology > Exam 1- Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Exam 1- Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Autonomic motor nerves innervate what organs?

A

Organs not under voluntary control

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2
Q

What do the effectors of the autonomic motor nerves include?

A
  1. Cardiac muscle
  2. Smooth muscle of visceral organs and blood vessels
  3. Glands
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3
Q

Describe the dependance of visceral effector organs on autonomic motor nerves.

A

Somewhat independent of innervation and will not atrophy if a nerve is cut (unlike skeletal muscle)

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4
Q

What will cardiac muscle, and some smooth muscle do without nerve stimulation? What can autonomic innervation do to these intrinsic (natural) contractions?

A
  1. Contract rhythmically

2. Speed up or slow down

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5
Q

Unlike somatic motor neurons autonomic motor neurons can do what? How exactly is this different from somatic motor neurons?

A
  1. Stimulate or inhibit

2. Somatic motor neurons are always stimulatory)

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6
Q

The autonomic system has how many neurons?

A

2

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7
Q

Preganglionic neurons originate where?

A 
1. Midbrain 
or 
2. Hindbrain 
or 
3. Thoracic, lumbar, or sacral spinal cord
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8
Q

Where do postganglionic neurons originate?

A

Ganglion

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9
Q

Where can the autonomic ganglia be located?

A
  1. Head
  2. Neck
  3. Abdomen
  4. Parallel chains along either side of the spinal cord
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10
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. Sympathetic

2. Parasympathetic

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11
Q

Which division of the ANS is involved in “fight or flight”?

A

Sympathetic

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12
Q

How does the sympathetic division of the ANS activate the bodies fight or flight system?

A
  1. Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic neurons

2. Secretion of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

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13
Q

How do the norepinephrine, and epinephrine secretions prepare the body for intense physical activity?

A
  1. Increasing heart rate
  2. Increasing blood glucose levels
  3. Diverting (changing course) blood to skeletal muscles
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14
Q

In the sympathetic division where do preganglionic neurons come from?

A

Thoracic/Lumber regions of spinal cord (thoracolumbar division of spinal cord)

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15
Q

What is the thoracolumbar division of the spinal cord?

A

Thoracic and Lumbar regions

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16
Q

In the sympathetic division where do preganglionic synapse?

A

sympathetic ganglia

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17
Q

In the sympathetic division where are the ganglia located? What are they called? How are they connected?

A
  1. Parallel chains along either side of the spinal cord
  2. Paravertebral ganglia
  3. By forming a sympathetic chain of ganglia
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18
Q

Because preganglionic neurons can branch and synapse in ganglia at any level, there is what?

A
  1. Divergence

2. Convergence

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19
Q

What is divergence?

A

One preganglonic neuron synapses on postganglionic neurons at different levels

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20
Q

What is convergence?

A

Several preganglionic neurons at different levels synapse on one postganglionic neuron

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21
Q

What does divergence, and convergence allow the sympathetic division to do?

A

act as a single unit through mass activation

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22
Q

Many of the sympathetic neurons that exit the spinal cord below the diaphragm do not do what?

A

synapse in the sympathetic chain of ganglia

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23
Q

Sympathetic neurons that exit the spinal cord below the diaphragm and do not synapse in the sympathetic chain of ganglia form what? Where do they synapse?

A
  1. Splanchnic nerves

2. Synapse in collateral ganglia

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24
Q

What does collateral ganglia include?

A
  1. Celiac ganglia
  2. Superior mesenteric ganglia
  3. Inferior mesenteric ganglia
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25
Q

Postganglionic neurons of collateral ganglia (don’t synapse in the sympathetic chain) innervate what?

A

innervate organs of the:

  1. Digestive
  2. Urinary
  3. Reproductive systems
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26
Q

What does the adrenal medulla of the adrenal glands secrete when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  1. Epinephrine

2. Norepinephrine

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27
Q

The parasympathetic division is _______ to the sympathetic division.

A

antagonistic

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28
Q

The parasympathetic division allows the body to do what?

A

“Rest and Digest”

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29
Q

How does the parasympathetic division allow the body to “rest and digest”?

A

through the release of ACh from postganglionic neurons

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30
Q

When the parasympathetic division releases ACh, what does this cause?

A
  1. Slows heart rate
  2. Dilates visceral blood vessels
  3. Increases digestive activities
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31
Q

In the parasympathetic division where do preganglioic neurons come form?

A

brain or sacral region of the spinal cord (Also called the craniosacral division)

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32
Q

What is the craniosacral division?

A

brain/sacral region of the spinal cord

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33
Q

In the parasympathetic division where do preganglioic neurons synapse on?

A

Ganglia located near or in effector organs (terminal ganglia)

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34
Q

What are terminal ganglia?

A

Ganglia located near or in effector organs

35
Q

What is the tract the vagus nerve (CN X) takes in the parasympathetic division?

A
  1. Preganglionic fibers exit medulla
  2. Branch into several plexi and nerves
  3. Travel to ganglia within effector organs
36
Q

What are the effector organs of the vagus nerve (CN X)?

A
  1. Heart
  2. Lungs
  3. Esophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Pancreas
  6. Liver
  7. Intestines
37
Q

What is the NT used by all preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division?

A

ACh

38
Q

What is the NT released by MOST postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division?

A

ACh

39
Q

Some sympathetic postganglionic neurons (those that innervate sweat glands and skeletal muscle blood vessels) release what NT?

A

ACh

40
Q

What sympathetic postganglionic neurons release ACh?

A

Those that innervate:

  1. Sweat Glands
  2. Skeletal Muscle
  3. Blood vessels
41
Q

The synapses in the PNS that use/release ACh are called what?

A

Cholinergic

42
Q

What is the NT released by MOST postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division? What are the synapses called?

A
  1. Norepinephrine

2. Adrenergic

43
Q

Axons of postganglionic neurons have various swellings called what?

A

Varicosities

44
Q

What do varicosities do?

A

release neurotransmitter along the length of the axon

45
Q

What do varicosities form in passing?

A

synapses en passant

46
Q

Do sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons innervate different tissues?

A

NO, THEY INNERVATE THE SAME TISSUES

47
Q

Adrenergic stimulation can _____ or _____. What does the depend on?

A
  1. Stimulate or Inhibit

2. Receptors

48
Q

What does adrenergic stimulation stimulate?

A
  1. Heart
  2. Dilatory muscles of the iris
  3. Smooth muscles of some blood vessels (causes vessel constriction)
49
Q

What does adrenergic stimulation inhibit? What does it do to these structures?

A

1.

   1. Bronchioles in lungs
   2. Other blood vessels 2. Inhibits contraction and causes dilation of these structures
50
Q

What are the types of adrenergic receptors?

A
  1. α adrenergic receptors
    1. α1
    2. α2
  2. β adrenergic receptors
    1. β1
    2. β2
51
Q

How many adrenergic receptors are there total?

A

4

52
Q

All adrenergic receptors act using what? What secondary system do α receptors use? What secondary system do β receptors use?

A
  1. G-proteins and second messenger systems
  2. α receptors use a Ca2+ second messenger system
  3. β receptors use cAMP
53
Q

Where are α2 receptors located?

A

Located on presynaptic axons

54
Q

When α2 receptors are stimulated what happens? What might these be?

A
  1. Inhibition of norepinephrine release in the synapse

2. Negative-feedback system

55
Q

Some drugs that lower blood pressure act on what receptors? What do these drugs do? What is a negative side affect of this?

A
  1. α2 receptors
  2. Inhibit presynaptic neurons in the brain
  3. inhibiting of the whole sympathetic nervous system
56
Q

When ACh is released from preganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic division is it stimulatory, inhibitory or both?

A

Stimulatory

57
Q

When ACh is released from postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division is it stimulatory, inhibitory or both?

A

Both; can be stimulatory or inhibitory, depending on receptors

58
Q

Nicotinic Acetylcholine (cholinergic) receptors are found where?

A

Autonomic ganglia

59
Q

What are Nicotinic Acetylcholine (cholinergic) receptors stimulated by? What do they also serve as? This makes them what?

A
  1. ACh
  2. Ion channel
  3. Ligand-gated ion channels
60
Q

Muscarinic receptors are found where?

A

visceral organs

61
Q

How many types of muscarinic receptors are there? Stimulatory/Inhibitory/Both? Ligand-gated ion channels, if not then what? How do they work?

A
  1. 5
  2. Both; can be ether (opening K+ or Ca2+ channels)
  3. No; separate receptor and ion channel
  4. Use G-proteins and second messenger system
62
Q

What are nonadrenergic, noncholinergic fibers? Is this common?

A
  1. Postganglionic autonomic neurons that are not inactivated by drugs that block ACh or norepinephrine activity
  2. Only “some”
63
Q

What are some of the proposed NT’s for nonadrenergic, noncholinergic fibers?

A
  1. ATP
  2. Vasoactive intestinal peptide
  3. Nitric oxide
64
Q

Nonadrenergic, noncholinergic fibers are important for what?

A

Erection of the penis

65
Q

How is erection of the penis accomplished? What NT is said to be used?

A
  1. Parasympathetic neurons innervate blood vessels, causing relaxation and vasodilation
  2. NO
66
Q

What can NO also produced?

A

Smooth muscle relaxation in the:

  1. Stomach
  2. Intestines
  3. Urinary bladder.
67
Q

Most visceral organs are innervated by ____ sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons.

A

both

68
Q

When organs are dual innervated (sympathetic and parasympathetic) most of the time they are _____.

A

antagonist

69
Q

What are some examples of organ functions that are dual innervated (sympathetic and parasympathetic) antagonistically?

A
  1. Heart rate
  2. Digestive functions
  3. Pupil diameter
70
Q

When do complementary effects occur?

A

when both divisions produce SIMILAR effects on the same target

71
Q

What is an example of complementary effects? What does the parasympathetic division do? What does the sympathetic division do?

A
  1. Salivary gland secretion
  2. Stimulates secretion of watery saliva
  3. Constricts blood vessels so the secretion is thicker.
72
Q

When do cooperative effects occur?

A

Occur when both divisions produce DIFFERENT effects that work together to promote a SINGLE action

73
Q

What are two example of cooperative effects?

A
  1. Erection and ejaculation

2. Urination

74
Q

In the cooperative effect of erection and ejaculation, what does the parasympathetic division do? What does the sympathetic division do?

A
  1. Causes vasodilation and erection

2. Causes Ejaculation

75
Q

In the cooperative effect of urination, what does the parasympathetic division do? What does the sympathetic division do?

A
  1. Aids in urinary bladder contraction

2. Helps with bladder muscle tone to control urination

76
Q

Which organs are only innervated by the sympathetic division and thus are not dual innervated?

A
  1. Adrenal medulla
  2. Arrector pili muscles in skin
  3. Sweat glands in skin
  4. Most blood vessels
77
Q

How are the organs that are not dually innervated regulated? What is this important for?

A
  1. Regulated by increase and decrease in sympathetic nerve activity
  2. Body temperature (shivering, and sweating from glands)
78
Q

Many visceral functions are regulated by__________.

A

Autonomic reflexes

79
Q

How is autonomic regulation of visceral functions achieved?

A
  1. Sensory input is sent to brain centers (usually by the vagus nerve)
  2. Brain centers integrate the information and modify the activity of preganglionic neurons
80
Q

The medulla oblongata controls what?

A

Medulla oblongata controls many

  1. Cardiovascular
  2. Pulmonary
  3. Urinary
  4. Reproductive
  5. Digestive functions
81
Q

What regulates the medulla oblongata?

A

Higher brain regions

82
Q

What part of the brain is the major regulatory center of the ANS?

A

Hypothalamus

83
Q

In regards to the ANS what is the limbic system responsible for?

A

Responsible for autonomic responses during emotional states (blushing, pallor, fainting, sweating, racing heart rate)

BIO 207- Human Physiology (13 decks)

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