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BIO 207- Human Physiology > Exam 1- Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Exam 1- Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the extracellular environment include?

A

All constitutes of the body outside of the cells

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2
Q

How much of the total body H20 is in the intracellular environment?

A

67%

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3
Q

How much of the total body H20 is in the extracellular environment?

A

33%

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4
Q

How much of the extracellular environment is blood plasma?

A

20%

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5
Q

How much of the extracellular environment is interstitial fluid?

A

80%

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6
Q

What is interstitial fluid contained in?

A

gel like matrix in the extracellular environment (hydrated gel of ground substance)

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7
Q

What are integrins?

A

glycoprotein adhesion molecules that link intracellular and extracellular compartments

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8
Q

Describe the composition of the extracellular matrix.

A
  • A meshwork of collagen and elastin fibers
  • linked to molecules of gel-like ground substance
  • substance and to plasma membrane integrins
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9
Q

Plasma membrane is ______ permeable

A

selectively

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10
Q

What does it mean when we say the plasma membrane is selectively preamble?

A

allows only certain kinds of molecules to pass

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11
Q

Many important molecules have____ and _____

A
  1. Transporters

2. Channels

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12
Q

Describe carrier-mediated transport.

A

involves specific protein transporters

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13
Q

Describe non-carrier mediated transport.

A

occurs by diffusion

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14
Q

Passive transport moves compounds _____ concentration gradient.

A

Down

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15
Q

Does passive transport require energy and transporters?

A

NO

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16
Q

Active transport moves compounds _____ a concentration gradient

A

Against

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17
Q

Does active transport require energy and transporters?

A

YES

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18
Q

Diffusion is a ____ motion of molecules. Net movement is from a region of ____ to ____ concentration.

A
  1. Random
  2. High
  3. Low
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19
Q

Gas exchange occurs via ____.

A

Diffusion

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20
Q

What 2 compounds/molecules can diffuse through the cell membrane?

A
  1. Non-Polar compounds

2. Small molecules (CO2 and H2O)

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21
Q

Cell membranes are impermeable to _______ and most ______ compounds

A
  1. Charged

2. Polar

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22
Q

What must charged molecules have to move across a membrane?

A

An ion channel or transporter

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23
Q

How many factors does diffusion depend on?

A

4

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24
Q

What are the 4 factors that diffusion depends on?

A
  1. Magnitude of its concentration gradient
  2. Permeability of membrane to it
  3. Temperature
  4. Surface area of membrane
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25
Q

Define osmosis.

A

Net diffusion of H2O across a selectively permeable membrane

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26
Q

H2O diffuses ____ its concentration gradient

A

Down

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27
Q

H2O is less concentrated where there are more _____

A

Solutes

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28
Q

Solutes must be ____ ____ for osmosis to occur.

A

Osmotically active

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29
Q

What does osmotically active mean?

A

cannot freely move across membrane

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30
Q

When does osmosis stop?

A

When H2O has an equal concentration on both sides

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31
Q

Some cells have water channels to facilitate osmosis. What are these water channels called?

A

aquaporins

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32
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The force that would have to be exerted to stop osmosis

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33
Q

What does osmotic pressure indicate?

A

How strongly H2O wants to diffuse

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34
Q

What is osmotic pressure proportional to?

A

proportional to solute concentration

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35
Q

How is osmotic pressure proportional to solute concentration?

A

more solute (the higher the solute concentration) the higher the osmotic pressure. (directly proportional)

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36
Q

What is the abbreviation for 1 molar solution?

A

1.0M

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37
Q

What is the abbreviation for 1 molal solution?

A

1.0m

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38
Q

What is the problem with using molar when talking about osmosis?

A

Dosent specify exact amount of H2O

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39
Q

What exactly is 1 molar solution? (what is it dissolved in)

A

1 mole of solute dissolved in 1L of solution

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40
Q

What exactly is 1 molal solution? (what is it dissolved in)

A

1 mole of solute dissolved in 1 kg H2O

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41
Q

What is the abbreviation for osmolality?

A

Osm

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42
Q

What is osmolality (Osm)?

A

total molality of a solution

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43
Q

What is the osmolality of 1.0m of NaCl? Why?

A
  1. 2 Osm

2. Because NaCl dissociates into Na+ and Cl-

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44
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The effect of a solution on osmotic movement of H2O

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45
Q

What is a isotonic solution?

A

Solutions have same osmotic pressure

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46
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A
  1. Solutions have higher osmotic pressure and are osmotically active
  2. More solute/less water
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47
Q

What is a hypotonic solution? Describe the solute to water ratio.

A
  1. Has a lower osmotic pressure

2. Less solute/more water

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48
Q

What is a isomotic solution?

A

solutions have same osmolality as plasma

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49
Q

What is a hyper-osmotic solution?

A

have higher pressure than plasma

50
Q

What is a hypo-osmotic solution?

A

solutions have lower osmotic pressure than plasma

51
Q

If a blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution what will happen?

A

It will expand and possibly burst due to H2O coming in

52
Q

If a blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution what will happen?

A

It will shrink due to H2O leaving

53
Q

Describe why a blood cell in a hypotonic solution will expand and possibly burst.

A

Since the osmotic pressure is lower in a hypotonic solution (less solute/more water), water will enter the blood cell to make the concentration of water equal.

54
Q

Describe why a blood cell in a hypertonic solution will shrink.

A

Since the osmotic pressure is higher in a hypertonic solution (more solute/less water), water will leave the blood cell to make the concentration of water equal.

55
Q

What is the narrow range that blood osmolality is maintained at?

A

300mOsm

56
Q

If dehydration occurs ______ in the _____ stimulate ____ release.

A
  1. Osmoreceptors
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. ADH
57
Q

What does the release of ADH cause?

A

Causes kidney to conserve H2O and causes thirst.

58
Q

What types of molecules is carrier mediated transport needed for? What are these molecules transported by?

A
  1. Molecules too large and polar to diffuse

2. Transported across membrane via PROTEIN CARRIERS

59
Q

How many features do protein carriers exhibit?

A

3

60
Q

What are the 3 features protein carriers exhibit?

A
  1. Specificity
  2. Competition
  3. Saturation
61
Q

Describe specificity when talking about protein carriers.

A

Specificity for a single molecule

62
Q

Describe competition when talking about protein carriers.

A

Competition among substrates for transport

63
Q

Describe saturation when talking about protein carriers.

A

When all carriers are occupied (Transport maximum/Tm)

64
Q

What is it called when saturation occurs with proteins carriers?

A

Transport maximum (Tm)

65
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Passive transport down concentration gradient by carrier proteins

66
Q

What is an active transport pump?

A

Transport of molecules against a concentration gradient

67
Q

What two things are required to achieve an active transport pump?

A
  1. ATP

2. Carrier protein

68
Q

Primary active transport relies ____ on ATP

A

directly

69
Q

Secondary active transport relies _____ on ATP

A

indirectly

70
Q

What is an example of primary active transport?

A

Na+/K+ Pump

71
Q

The Na+/K+ Pump uses ATP to move _ Na+ ___ and _ K+ ___.

A
  1. 3
  2. Out
  3. 2
  4. In
72
Q

The Na+/K+ Pump works _____ the concentration gradient

A

against

73
Q

How does the Na+/K+ Pump rely on ATP?

A

Directly

74
Q

How does secondary active transport get its energy?

A

Relies on the ATP created by the Na+ going BACK into the cell DOWN its concentration gradient AFTER primary active transport has been achieved

75
Q

Secondary active transport is going ____ its concentration gradient.

A

against

76
Q

Primary active transport is going ____ its concentration gradient.

A

against

77
Q

What is another name for cotransport?

A

symport

78
Q

What is another name for countertransport?

A

antiport

79
Q

What is cotransport (symport)?

A

secondary transport in the same direction as Na+

80
Q

What is countertransport (antiport)?

A

moves molecule in opposite direction to Na+

81
Q

What is absorption?

A

is transport of digestion products across intestinal epithelium into blood

82
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

transports compounds out of urinary filtrate back into blood

83
Q

What is transcellular transport ?

A

moves material from 1 side to other of epithelial cells

84
Q

What is paracellular transport ?

A

moves material through tiny spaces between epithelial cells

85
Q

When discussing transport across epithelial membranes, what limits transportation between cells?

A

junctional complexes

86
Q

What is the function of junctional complexes?

A

connect adjacent epithelial cells

87
Q

Plasma membranes can join together to form ______

A

tight junctions

88
Q

What are the 3 types of junctional complexes?

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Adherens junctions
  3. Desmosomes
89
Q

Describe adherens junctions.

A

membranes are “glued” together by proteins that pass through both membranes and attach to cytoskeletons

90
Q

Describe desmosomes?

A

proteins “button” two membranes together

91
Q

What is the function of bulk transport, and what does it occur by?

A
  1. Moves large molecules and particles across plasma membrane (multiple at a time)
  2. Occurs by endocytosis and exocytosis
92
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

Is difference in charge across membranes

93
Q

What is membrane potential a result from/how does it work specifically?

A
  • Results in part from presence of large anions being trapped inside cell
  • Diffusable cations such as K+ are attracted into cell by anions
  • Na+ is not permeable and is actively transported out
94
Q

What is the equilibrium potential?

A

Describes voltage across cell membrane if only 1 ion could diffuse

95
Q

What is the charge on the inside of a cell?

A

negative charge of about -90mV

96
Q

If membrane permeable only to K+, it would diffuse until it reaches its __________

A

equilibrium potential

97
Q

K+ is attracted inside by trapped anions but also driven out by its __________

A

concentration gradient

98
Q

At K+ equilibrium, electrical and diffusion forces are_____ and _____

A
  1. Equal

2. Opposite

99
Q

What is the function of the Nernst Equation (Ex)?

A

Gives membrane voltage needed to counteract concentration forces acting on an ion

100
Q

What is the Nernst Equation (Ex)?

A

Ex = 61 log [Xout]

z [Xin]

101
Q

What is the RMP of most cells?

A

–65 to –85 mV

102
Q

What is the RMP?

A

membrane voltage of cell not producing impulses

103
Q

What does the RMP depend on?

A
  1. Concentrations of ions inside and out

2. permeability of each ion

104
Q

What is RMP affected by the most?

A

Affected most by K+ because it is most permeable.

105
Q

Why is the RMP less than Ek+?

A

Some Na+ diffuses in so RMP is less negative than EK+

106
Q

What is the role of Na+/K+ Pumps in RMP?

A
  • Because 3 Na+ are pumped out for every 2 K+ taken in, pump is electrogenic
  • It adds about –3mV to RMP
107
Q

What is cell signaling?

A

How cells communicate with each other

108
Q

Some cells use _______ thru which signals pass directly from 1 cell to next.

A

gap junctions

109
Q

To respond to a chemical signal, a target cell must have a _____ for it.

A

receptor protein

110
Q

How does paracrine signaling work?

A

cells secrete regulatory molecules that diffuse to nearby target cells

111
Q

How does synaptic signaling work?

A

1 neuron sends neurotransmitter messages to another cell via synapses

112
Q

How does endocrine signaling work?

A

cells secrete chemical regulators that move thru blood stream to distant target cells

113
Q

How do nonpolar regulatory molecules affect their target cell?

A

Pass DIRECTLY through plasma membrane, bind to receptors in the nucleus, and affect transcription.

114
Q

Give 3 examples of non polar regulatory molecules in terms of target cells.

A
  1. Steroid hormones
  2. Thryroid hormones
  3. Nitric oxide
115
Q

How do polar regulatory molecules affect their target cell?

A
  1. Bind to cell surface receptors

2. Activated receptors send second messengers into cytoplasm to mediate actions of regulatory molecule

116
Q

What can second messengers be?

A

May be ions (e.g. Ca++) or other molecules such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) or G-proteins

117
Q

How many subunits do g-proteins have?

A

3

118
Q

When a cell surface receptor is activated what happens to g-proteins?

A

subunits disassociate

119
Q

After the g-proteins subunits disassociate what happens next?

A

subunit binds to an ion channel or enzyme, changing their activity

120
Q

What parts of the g-protein subunits disassociate?

A

Alpha disassociates from the other 2

121
Q

Describe the cycle g-proteins play in polar regulator molecules and target cells.

A
  1. Unstimulated state: subunits are all in tact
  2. Regulatory molecule binds to surface receptor: alpha takes IN GTP/releases GDP
  3. Alpha disassociates
  4. Alpha binds to effector OR beta-gamma binds to effector
  5. Subunits become back intact when reverted to unstimulated state.
122
Q

Tight junctions are _____ proof.

A

Leak

BIO 207- Human Physiology (13 decks)

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