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BIO 207- Human Physiology > Exam 1- Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1- Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

study of how the body works to maintain life

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2
Q

Pathophysiology

A

how physiological processes are altered in disease or injury

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3
Q

How many steps in the scientific method are there?

A

4

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4
Q

What is the first step in the scientific method?

A

Form a TESTABLE HYPOTHESIS about observations

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5
Q

What is the second step in the scientific method?

A

Conduct and analyze EXPERIMENTS to test hypothesis

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6
Q

What is the third step in the scientific method?

A

Draw CONCLUSIONS about whether or not results support hypothesis

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7
Q

What is the fourth step in the scientific method?

A

Develop a THEORY

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8
Q

What is a theory?

A

general statement explaining natural phenomena that is based on proven hypotheses

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9
Q

What 3 things does testing of a hypothesis involve?

A
  1. Experimental and control groups
  2. Quantitative measurements performed blindly
  3. Analysis of data using statistics
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10
Q

When a new drug is first suggested by experiments, what is the very first step?

A

Its effectiveness and toxicity is tested first in tissue culture, rats, mice

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11
Q

If the drug is effective and safe after being tested in tissue culture, rats, and mice what happens next?

A

Clinical Trials

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12
Q

What are the steps of the clinical trials?

A
  1. Phase I Trials
  2. Phase II Trials
  3. Phase III Trials
  4. Phase IV Trials
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13
Q

Describe the Phase I Trials.

A

Toxicity and metabolism tested in healthy human volunteers

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14
Q

Describe the Phase II Trials.

A

Effectiveness and toxicity tested in target population

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15
Q

Describe the Phase III Trials.

A

Widespread test of drug in diverse population

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16
Q

Describe the Phase IV Trials.

A

Drug is tested for other potential uses

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17
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

maintenance of a state of DYNAMIC CONSTANCY

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18
Q

How are conditions stabilized in homeostasis?

A

above and below a physiological stepping via negative feedback loops

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19
Q

What 3 steps are involved in negative feedback loops?

A
  1. Sensor
  2. Integrating center
  3. Effector
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20
Q

What is the “sensor” portion of a negative feedback loop involved in?

A

Detects deviation from set point

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21
Q

What is the “integrating center” portion of a negative feedback loop involved in?

A

Determines response

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22
Q

What is the “effector” portion of a negative feedback loop involved in?

A

Produces response

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23
Q

What are the 4 types of regulatory mechanisms?

A
  1. Intrinsic Control
  2. Extrinsic Control
  3. Positive Feedback loops
  4. Negative Feedback loops
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24
Q

Describe intrinsic control.

A

Built into the organ being regulated

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25
Q

Describe extrinsic control.

A

Comes from outside of the organ

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26
Q

What are 2 examples of extrinsic control?

A
  1. Body temperature being controlled by the antagonistic effects of sweating and shivering
  2. Blood glucose levels being controlled by hormones (ex. insulin)
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27
Q

Is positive feedback abundant or rare? Why?

A

rare because it amplifies changes

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28
Q

What are 3 examples of positive feedback?

A
  1. It is involved in producing blood clots
  2. In females it is used to create the LH surge that causes ovulation
  3. Positive feedback between the uterus and oxytocin secretion occurs during labor
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29
Q

Provide 2 examples of negative feedback loops.

A
  1. Blood pressure control

2. Hormonal control of blood glucose

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30
Q

Describe specifically how blood pressure is controlled through negative feedback.

A

Lying down——> Stand up——> 1. Causes blood pressure to fall

  1. Blood pressure receptors are stimulated (sensor)
  2. Sensory nerve fibers transmit sensation to medulla oblongata of the brain (integrating center)
  3. Motor nerve fibers transmit motor signals to the heart, which increases heart rate (effector)
  4. Rise in blood pressure (negative feedback response)
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31
Q

Describe specifically how hormonal control of blood glucose is controlled through negative feed back WHEN EATING.

A
  1. Eat
  2. Blood glucose level rises
  3. Pancreatic Islets (of Langerhans)
  4. Insulin secretion increases
  5. Cellular uptake of glucose increases
  6. Blood glucose levels decrease
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32
Q

Describe specifically how hormonal control of blood glucose is controlled through negative feed back WHEN FASTING.

A
  1. Fasting
  2. Blood glucose levels decrease
  3. Pancreatic Islets (of Langerhans)
  4. Insulin secretion decreases
  5. Glucagon levels increase
  6. Cellular uptake of glucose decrease
  7. Glucose secreted into blood by liver
  8. Blood glucose levels increase
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33
Q

What are the primary tissues?

A
  1. Muscle tissue
  2. Nervous tissue
  3. Epithelial Tissue
  4. Connective tissue
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34
Q

What is muscle tissue specialized for?

A

contraction

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35
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal muscle tissue
  2. Cardiac muscle tissue
  3. Smooth muscle tissue
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36
Q

Generally describe skeletal muscle.

A

Striated/Voluntary

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37
Q

Generally describe cardiac muscle.

A

Short/Striated/Involuntary

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38
Q

Generally describe smooth muscle.

A

Non-Striated/Involuntary

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39
Q

Is each skeletal muscle fiber controlled individually or as a group?

A

Individually

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40
Q

How does each fiber of skeletal muscle form? What does this allow?

A
  1. Forms by fusion of embryonic myoblasts

2. Allowing it to become large and multinucleated

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41
Q

How do skeletal muscle fibers line up?

A

Lines up in parallel with other fibers to form bundles

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42
Q

What type of cells is cardiac muscle made of?

A

Myocardial cells

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43
Q

How are myocardial cells of cardiac muscle branched?

A

to form a continuous fabric

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44
Q

What special features do myocardial cells of cardiac muscle have to provide mechanical and electrical interconnections?

A

intercalated discs

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45
Q

Are the myocardial cells of cardiac muscle individually controlled or controlled as a group?

A

As a group

46
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

many organs and tissues

47
Q

What is smooth muscle controlled by?

48
Q

What 2 things does nervous tissue consist of?

A
  1. Neurons

2. Supporting/Glial cells

49
Q

What are neurons specialized for?

A

conducting electrical signals

50
Q

What do neurons contain?

A
  1. Cell Body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axons
51
Q

What does the cell body of a neuron contain?

A

contains nucleus

52
Q

The cell body is a _____ center

53
Q

What are dendrites extensions of?

A

highly branched extensions off the cell body

54
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

receive inputs from other neurons

55
Q

What are axons extensions of?

A

SINGLE LONG extension off the cell body

56
Q

What is the function of the axon?

A

Conducts nerve impulses to other cells

57
Q

What is the function of supporting/glial cells?

A

provide physical and functional support for neurons

58
Q

How much more abundant are supporting glial cells vs neurons?

A

5x more abundant

59
Q

How is epithelial tissue replaced?

A

Regularly replaced

60
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

Lines and covers body surfaces

61
Q

Epithelial tissue consists of cells that form what?

A

membranes and glands

62
Q

Describe squamous epithelial cells.

63
Q

Describe columnar epithelial cells.

A

taller than wide

64
Q

Describe cuboidal epithelial cells.

A

cube-shaped

65
Q

How thick are simple epithelial membranes?

A

1 cell thick

66
Q

How thick are stratified epithelial membranes?

A

Number of layers

67
Q

What are simple epithelial membranes specialized for?

68
Q

What are stratified epithelial membranes specialized for?

A

Protection

69
Q

What does non-keratinized stratified squamous tissue consist of?

A

Living cells

70
Q

What does keratinized stratified squamous tissue consist of? What do these cells contain

A
  1. Outer layer of dead cells

2. Water-resistant keratin

71
Q

What are epithelial cells joined by? Function?

A
  1. JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES

2. Increase strength and create barrier

72
Q

What is epithelial tissue serrated from underlying tissue by?

A

Basement membrane

73
Q

What are exocrine glands derived from?

A

epithelial cells

74
Q

Where are the secretions from exocrine glands secreted and how?

A

Secrete onto epithelium via ducts

75
Q

Exocrine glands can be _____ tubes or _____ called _____

A
  1. simple
  2. Clusters
  3. Acini
76
Q

What are the secretions of exocrine glands controlled by?

A

surrounding myoepithelial cells

77
Q

What does connective tissue have deposited in space between its cells?

A

Lots of extracellular material

78
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue?

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Cartilage
  3. Bone
  4. Blood
79
Q

What does loose connective tissue consist of?

A

collagen (fibrous proteins) and tissue fluid

80
Q

What is an example of loose connective tissue?

A

Dermis of skin

81
Q

What is dense regular connective tissue packed with?

A

fibers of collagen

82
Q

How is dense regular connective tissue arranged?

A
  1. Can be regularly arranged (tendons)

2. Irregularly oriented (capsules/sheaths)

83
Q

What is connective tissue- adipose specialized for?

A

Fat synthesis, breakdown, and storage

84
Q

What is connective tissue- cartilage specialized for?

A

Support/Protection

85
Q

What is cartilage made of?

A

Chondrocytes, and elastic cellular material

86
Q

What does cartilage serve as a precursor for?

87
Q

What does cartilage form for joint?

A

Articular surfaces

88
Q

How is bone formed?

A

concentric layers of calcified material

89
Q

What are the cell types of bones?

A
  1. Osteoblasts
  2. Osteocytes
  3. Osteoclasts
90
Q

Describe osteoblasts.

A

bone-forming cells

91
Q

Describe osteocytes.

A

trapped/inactive osteoblasts

92
Q

Describe osteoclasts.

A

the bone resorbing cells

93
Q

Define organs.

A

Are anatomical and functional units made of two or more primary tissues

94
Q

Define systems.

A

are groups of organs working together to maintain homeostasis

95
Q

What is the “largest organ”

96
Q

What is the outer protective layer of skin called?

A

cornified epidermis

97
Q

What comes after the cornified epidermis?

98
Q

What is the final/inner layer of skin called?

A

hypodermis

99
Q

What does the dermis contain?

A
  1. Connective tissue
  2. Glands
  3. Blood vessels
  4. Nerves
100
Q

What does the hypodermis contain?

101
Q

Most cells in organs are highly specialized or _____

A

differentiated

102
Q

Many organs retain small populations of ___ ____ ___

A

adult stem cells

103
Q

What is unique about stem cells?

A

less differentiated/ can become many cells types

104
Q

What are two examples of stem cells?

A
  1. Bone marrow stem cells

2. Hair follicle stem cells

105
Q

How do bone marrow stem cells function?

A

give rise to all of the different blood cell types

106
Q

How do hair follicle stem cells function?

A

Can form the:

  1. Hair shaft
  2. Root sheath
  3. Sebaceous glands
  4. Epidermis
107
Q

What is intracellular?

A

Inside cells

108
Q

What is extracellular?

A

Outside of cells

109
Q

What are intracellular and extracellular cells separated by?

A

cell’s plasma membrane

110
Q

What is extracellular composed of?

A

blood plasma and interstitial fluid/tissue fluid

BIO 207- Human Physiology (13 decks)

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