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Cellular and Molecular Biology > Exam 1: Ch 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Ch 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

water constitutes what % by weight of cells

A

70-80%

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2
Q

amphipathic

A

molecules with hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

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3
Q

covalent bond

A

strongest bond

when 2 atoms share electrons

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4
Q

types on noncovalent interaction

A

ionic bonds

hydrogen bonds

van der waals forces

hydrophobic effect

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5
Q

most abundant elements in biological molecules

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus

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6
Q

chirality

A

asymmetric carbon with 4 different groups around it

makes stereoisomers

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7
Q

biochemistry stereoisomers

A

different arrangement = different molecule

different biological functions b/c arrangement differences cause them to interact with the body differently

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8
Q

dipole moment

A

measure of the strength or extent of charge separation

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9
Q

molecular complementarity

A

lock and key fit of shapes, charges, or other physical properties of molecules

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10
Q

3 main types of biological macromolecules

A

protein

nucleic acids

polysacharides

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11
Q

phosphodiester bonds

A

link nucleotides together

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12
Q

purines

A

adenine

guanine

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13
Q

pyrimidines

A

cytosine

thymine

uracil

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14
Q

nucleoside

A

combination of a base/sugar without a phosphate

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15
Q

carbohydrate

A

covalently bonded combinations of carbon and water in a one to one ratio

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16
Q

glycogen

A

storage of carbohydrate in animal cells

very long highly branched polymer of glucose

10% of liver

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17
Q

what is starch, and its 2 forms

A

storage form of carbohydrate in plants

amylose - unbranched

amylopectin - branched

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18
Q

cullulose

A

major consituent of plant cell walls

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19
Q

peptidoglycan

A

polysaccharide chain cross linked by peptide bridges

rigidity and cell shape

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20
Q

glycosaminoglycans

A

major polysaccharide components of ECM

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21
Q

enthalpy and entropy

A

enthalpy: bond energy
entropy: measure of randomness or disorder

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22
Q

carbon fixation

A

ATP is hydrolyzed to provide energy for conversion of CO2 to hexoses

these sugars are food sources for the plants

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23
Q

oxidation of glucose rxn

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O

-686 kcal/mol

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24
Q

purpose of coenzymes NAD+ and FAD

A

electron carrying

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25
Q

electronegativity

A

how well an atom can attract an electron

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26
Q

van der waals interactions

A

nonspecific interactions resulting from the momentary random fluctuations in the distribution of the elections of any atom

strength of interaction decreases rapidly with distance

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27
Q

acetylation

A

most common chemical modification of a protein 80%

play an important role in controlling the life span of proteins

nonacetylated proteins are rapidly degraded

28
Q

fatty acid

A

hydrocarbon chain attached to a carboxyl group

important energy source

esterified with phosphates to form phospholipids

29
Q

microscopic reversibility

A

ability of a reaction to go backwards

slow at first, but speeds up as concentration of product increases

30
Q

chemical equilibrium

A

rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal so concentrations of reactants and products stop changing

31
Q

equilibrium constant

A

Keq is a fixed value that measures the extent to which a rxn occurs by the time it reaches equilibrium

32
Q

standard biological conditions

A

1atm, 25 celcius

33
Q

steady state

A

system of linked reactions where production and consumption of products is steady

helps prevent accumulation of potentially toxic intermediates

34
Q

dissociation constant

A

the reciprocal of the equilibrium constant that describes binding reactions

when half the protein molecules are bound, the concentration of protein is equal to the Kd

35
Q

what do high and low Kds mean

A

lower Kd means tighter binding: less protein is needed to bind half of its ligand

higher Kd is less tight binding: more protein is needed to bind half of its ligand

36
Q

what is Kd measured in

A

molarity moles/L

37
Q

pH

A

concentration of hydrogen ions in solution

negative log of hydrogen ion concentration

pure H2O is 7

38
Q

1 unit difference in pH represents how many fold difference in proton concentration?

A

tenfold

39
Q

zwitterion

A

a molecule that has an equal number of positive and negative charge

they are neutral

amino acids are zwitterions (amino end and carboxyl end cancel each other out)

40
Q

Ka

A

equilibrium constant for acid dissociation HA –> H+ + A-

Ka = [H+][A-] / [HA]

high Ka = low pKa (stronger acid)

41
Q

Henderson Hasselbach

A

pKa of any acid is equal to the pH when half the molecules are dissociated and half are not

pH = pKa + log [A-] / [HA]

because when [A-] = [HA], log [A-] / [HA] is 0 and then pH = pKa

42
Q

buffer

A

a reservoir of weak acids and bases that maintain a stable pH by soaking up excess H+ or OH-

must be within 1 pH unit

43
Q

buffering capacity

A

ability of a buffer to minimize changes in pH

depends on the concentration of the buffer and the relationship between its pKa and pH

44
Q

if pH > pKa

A

A- dominates

disassociation occurs

45
Q

if pH < pKa

A

HA dominates

no disassociation occurs

46
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of movement

47
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy

ex. covalent bonds

48
Q

thermal energy

A

form of kinetic energy: the energy of the motion of molecules

to perform work flows from higher temp to lower temp

49
Q

radient energy

A

kinetic energy of photons

converted to thermal energy when light is absorbed and moves molecules

change electronic structure of a molecule by moving an electron into a higher energy orbital (photosynthesis)

50
Q

mechanical energy

A

form of kinetic energy

can result from the conversion of chemical energy

51
Q

electric energy

A

form of kinetic energy

energy of moving electrons

52
Q

chemical potential energy

A

energy stored in bonds connecting atoms in molecules

harnessed to do work

ex. ATP

53
Q

concentration gradient and electric potential

A

ex. ions of different sides of the membrane form [ ] gradient

energy of charge separation occurs on diff sides of membrane too

54
Q

unit of energy

A

joule or calorie

1 joule = 0.239 calorie

55
Q

calorie

A

energy required to raise temp of 1 gram of water by 1 celcius

56
Q

exergonic

A

energy releasing rxn

products contain less energy than reactants

57
Q

endergonic

A

energy absorbing rxn

products contain more energy than reactants

58
Q

gibbs free energy

A

all systems change to minimize free energy

describes whether or not the products contain more or less energy than reactants

enthalpy is bond energy

entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness

59
Q

units of gibbs free energy

A

kilocalorie/mol

60
Q

delta g from standard free energy (delta g not prime)

A

delta g = standard delta g + RTlnKeq

61
Q

delta g not prime from Keq

A

delta g not prime = -2.3RTlogKeq

62
Q

transition state

A

time when system in rxn is at its highest energy level

activation energy is E needed to overcome t.s

63
Q

reduction potential (E) vs. oxidation potential

A

reduction potential: ease an atom or molecule gains an electron

oxidation potential: ease an atom or molecule loses an electron

both measured in volts

64
Q

in redox rxns electrons move spontaneously toward atoms or molecules with a more _____ reduction portential

A

positive

65
Q

electric potential delta E

A

delta G = -n delta E

measured in volts

Cellular and Molecular Biology (34 decks)

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