Exam 1: Ch 1

Question 1

charles darwin

Answer 1

natural selection: organisms vary randomly and compete within their environment for resources

Question 2

what are genes?

Answer 2

strands of DNA that code for proteins

Question 3

mutation

Answer 3

an alteration in the structure and organization of a gene

Question 4

metazoan definition

Answer 4

multicellular animal

Question 5

water accounts for how much of a cell’s volume?

Answer 5

75%

Question 6

ATP

Answer 6

adenosine triphosphate

cell’s primary source of energy

energy stored in two of its chemical bonds

Question 7

ADP

Answer 7

adenosine triphosphate

Question 8

photosynthesis

Answer 8

plants and some organisms harvest energy from the sun

Question 9

proteins are commonly made of how many aas?

Answer 9

100-1000

Question 10

enzyme

Answer 10

protein that catalyzes chemical reactions without being consumed or changed

Question 11

cytoskeletal proteins

Answer 11

structural components of a cell that form an internal skeleton

also power movement of structures using ATP

Question 12

when did Watson & Crick propose the structure of DNA

Answer 12

60 yrs ago

Question 13

2 regions of genes

Answer 13

coding region: aa sequence of a protein

regulatory region: binds specific proteins and controls when and in which cells the protein is made

Question 14

how many genes do humans have

Answer 14

~ 20,000-23,000

Question 15

transcription

Answer 15

coding region of a gene is copied into mRNA by RNA polymerase

Question 16

RNA polymerase

Answer 16

large enzyme that catalyzes that linkage of nt into RNA using DNA as a template

Question 17

translation

Answer 17

ribosome reads mRNA and translates a protein

Question 18

transcription factor

Answer 18

DNA-binding proteins that alter gene expression

Question 19

what are phospholipid bilayers impermeable to

Answer 19

water

ions

hydrophillic small molecules

Question 20

4 kingdoms of eukaryotes

Answer 20

plants

animals

fungi

protists

Question 21

5th and 6th kingdoms

Answer 21

bacteria

archae

Question 22

model organisms

Answer 22

systems in which the study of cellular function and development serve as a model for other species

Question 23

bacteria basics

Answer 23

1-2 micrometers

plasma membrane, cell wall (peptidoglycan) cytoplasm, circular DNA chromosome, ribosomes in cytoplasm, mesosome (invagination)

Question 24

gram neg/pos

Answer 24

neg: inner cell wall & outer membrane separated by periplasmic space
pos: thicker cell wall and no outer membrane

Question 25

archae extreme conditions?

Answer 25

yes

Question 26

eukaryote basics

Answer 26

10-100 micrometers

plasma membrane, organelles, membrane enclosed nucleus, mitochondria (chloroplasts in plants)

Question 27

lysosome

Answer 27

organelle with a lower pH 5.0

break down parts of the cell into small molecules

Question 28

cytoskeleton

Answer 28

gives cell strength and rigidity

cell shape

Question 29

cytoskeleton fibers

Answer 29

microtubule: 20nm, protein tubulin

intermediate filaments: 10nm, rod-shaped subunits

microfilaments: 7nm, protein actin

Question 30

cell-adhesion proteins

Answer 30

animal cells are glued together

Question 31

basal lamina

Answer 31

tough matrix of proteins and polysaccharides

forms a supporting layer underlying cell sheets and prevents cell aggregates from ripping apart

Question 32

plasmodesmata

Answer 32

cytoplasmic bridges in some plants

Question 33

endothelium

Answer 33

layer of endothelial cells

prevent blood cell from leaking out of vessels

Question 34

protostomes

Answer 34

develop a mouth close to a transient opening in the early embryo (blastopore)

have a ventral nerve chord

worms insects mollusks

Question 35

deuterostomes

Answer 35

develop an anus close to this transient opening in the embryo

have a dorsal central nervous system

echinoderms and vertebrates

Question 36

patterning genes

Answer 36

specify the general organization of an organism beginning with major body axes

conserved in both protostomes and deuterostomes as master transcription factors

eyeless in fruit flies and pax6 in humans are genes for eye development

Question 37

virus

Answer 37

protein coat covering a core of genetic material

Question 38

evolution

Answer 38

genetic change in a population over time

through evolution all organisms are related in a family tree

Question 39

which isomer of aas are found in proteins

Answer 39

L, not D

Question 40

mesosome

Answer 40

bacterial invagination of cell membrane associated with synthesis of DNA and secretion of proteins

Question 41

peptidoglycan

Answer 41

complex of proteins and oligosaccharides that make up the cell wall of bacteria

Question 42

E. coli as a model organism

Answer 42

grow rapidly, possess mechanisms for controlling gene regulation

have proteins involed in DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis

Question 43

peroxisome

Answer 43

small organelle specialized for breaking down lipid components of membranes

Question 44

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 44

organelle that produces, processes, and ships proteins and lipids

usually ship to golgi complex

Question 45

golgi complex

Answer 45

organelle that modifies proteins and lipids before transporting to final destination

Question 46

yeast as a model organism

Answer 46

identification of many proteins that regulate cell cycle and catalyze DNA replication/transcription

grow easily and clones have same genes and biochemical properties