Exam 1- Basics +ans/cns study guides Flashcards
- Identify and define the three basic drug names.
Chemical name- chemical jargon- 7 chloral-13 dihrudro nonsense
generic name-bears some resemblance to its chemical name.
Clues to the nature of the drug. is in all lowercase
trade name-the drug sold by a company.
proprietary name/ brand name.
Example= Valium, Tylenol, Adderall
is capitalized
- Describe the advantages and disadvantages of prescription vs OTC drugs.
Prescription
ADV
- provides greater patient safety because review of the prescription order by pharmacist and nurse before administration;
also involve less danger of drug deterioration
Disadvantages:
are the time consuming procedures that are used to schedule, prepare, administer, control, and record the drug distribution and administration process.
- Describe the advantages and disadvantages of prescription vs OTC drugs.
OTC
OTC advantages
-patients can conveniently self treat many minor ailments
OTC disadvantages
-increased out of pocket cost
-lack of info/experience many lead to adverse events or drug interaction
-may delay treatment for serious illness; relieves symptoms but not illnes
- Describe the first pass effect and its impact on medication administration.
in which orally administered drugs are broken down in the liver and intestines.
Medications can be harder to administer correctly due to first pass effect. First pass allows for a varying range of bioavaliblity of the drug that might hurt the process of giving correct dosage
- Explain how drug duration of action is measured?
Onset-when it first takes effect
Peak-when it takes maximum effect
-duration-how long It takes to produce desired effect
half life- mature of time it takes to eliminate 50% form body
- Discuss the difference between physical and psychological dependence, and physical dependence and addiction?
Physical dependence is when a person has a chemical need for the drug. Psychological dependence is when the person believes that they need the drug to feel good.
phsyciao dependence is when the person has a chemical need for the drug where’s the addiction is when the person has a condition where they need to regularly have the product to calm themselves down
- What are the three checks of drug administration that nurses use in conjunction with the six rights to ensure patient safety and medication effectiveness?
mra
before pouring
before patient
- A teaspoon is how many mLs?
5 mLs
- A TB skin test is administered by which route?
TransDermal
- Explain the difference between loading and maintenance doses.
Loading= higher dose- this is when the jump start dose that gets drug to therapeutic range. big dose
maintenance dose= smaller dose that maintains plateau as you keep going on. Loading dose get you to plateau, maintenance dose maintains plateau
- What are key points to teach patients about drug therapy during pregnancy and lactation?
during pregnancy may cause miscarriage, preterm labor, birth defects, stillbirth, a higher risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), poor fetal growth rate, and cognitive and behavioral problems.
in lactation you Can also give baby the drug without knowing, meaning the bay could be harmed due to adverse affects from drugs
- Older adults take more medications and experience more adverse drug reactions. Describe the changes in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion which lead to these events.
Absorption- decreased first pass effect due to immature liver- have to dose based on weight
Distribution- decreased circulation-less resources- need to start low and go slow from there
metabolism-lower metabolism, drugs don’t break down as fast and can sit in system for longer, more cause for adverse reactions due to drugs going where they aren’t supposed to be
excretion- decreased extraction, drugs might stay in system for longer then they should be and can cause problems
Components of nervous system. What are the two divisions of the nervous
system?
peripheral central
motor
autonomic
SNS and PNS
What happens when adrenergic receptors are stimulated/activated?
Stimulates sympathetic nervous system
What happens when cholinergic receptors are stimulated/activated?
stimulates parasympathetic nervous system
What happens when the flight or fight response is stimulated/activated?
What happens physiologically speaking (in the body)?
sympathetic nervous system
eyes dilate
mouth inhbit
lungs dialate
heart increase
stomach inhibit
intestines inhibit
bladder realx
reproductive inhibit
pancreas release glucose
What happens when the rest and digest response is stimulated/activated?
What happens physiologically speaking (in the body)?
parasympathetic
eyes constrict
mouth increase
lungs constrict
heart decrease
stomach increase
intestines increase
bladder contract
reproductive simulate
pancreas store glucose
Agonist
stimulates
work with
Antagonist
inhibiter
works against
Sympathomimetic other names
Sympathetic nervous system
adrenergic
anti-chronolergic
parasympatholotic
Sympatholytic
crhonolergic
anti-adrenergic
Sympatholytic
Parasympathomometic
Parasympathomimetic
crhonolergic
anti-adrenergic
Sympatholytic
Parasympathomometic
Parasympatholytic
Sympathetic nervous system
adrenergic
anti-chronolergic
parasympatholotic
Cholinergic agonists
stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system by binding to acetylcholine receptors on the target organ
**CAUSES PARASYMPATHETIC TO PREDOMINATE
Cholinergic agonists uses
Contract smooth muscle
PNS stimulation
Blood vessels: vasodilation
Decreased heart rate & BP
Lungs: bronchoconstriction
GI: increase motility
Bladder: contraction
Pupil: constrictio
Anticholinergics:
block impulses to the parasympathetic nervous system by blocking acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors
**CAUSES SYMPATHETIC TO PREDOMINATE
Alpha 1
Alpha 2
Beta1
Beta 2
Alpha = contriction
Beta1=heart beta 2= lungs
Beta=contraction
alpha1&2 beta 1&2 stimulated by
sympathetic
muscarinic and nicotinic stimulated by
parasympathetic
NE
ACH
Nocotinic agonist
Nicotine Patch
Muscarinic agonist
pilocarpine
muscarninic antagonist
Atropine
Alpha 1 agonist
Phenylephrine /
pseudoephedrin
alpha 1- antagonist
tamsulosin
alpha 2 agonist
clondine
Beta 1 agonist
Dobutamine
Beta 1 antagonist
Metoprolol
Beta 2 agonist
albuetorl
beta 2 antagonist
propranolol
What is anxiety?
Intense, excessive, and persistent worry and fear about everyday
situations
- Often, involve repeated episodes of sudden feelings of intense
anxiety and fear or terror that reach a peak within minutes (panic
attacks)
- Describe withdrawal syndrome. When may it occur?
Withdrawels–
rhinorrhea, sneezing, yawning, lacrimation, abdominal cramping, leg cramping, piloerection (gooseflesh), nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mydriasis, myalgias, and arthalgia
Body goes into ahhh mode-after being addicted to medication
- What are seizures?
Sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
* Motor
- Jerking (clonic)
- Muscles becoming limp or weak (atonic)
- Tense or rigid muscles (tonic)
- Brief muscle twitching (myoclonus)
- Epileptic spasms
* Non-Motor
- Changes in sensation, emotions,
thinking or autonomic functions
- Lack of movemen
What is Parkinson’s
Progressive disease of the nervous system that impairs
one’s ability to mov
What is ADD/ADHD
Characterized by hyperactivity, lack of impulse control,
and/or lack of attention that interferes with how a person
function
What is schizophrenia
Disorder that affects a person’s ability to think, feel, and behave clearly
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
* Positive Symptoms
- Delusions
- Hallucinations
- Disorganized thinking and behavior
* Negative Symptoms
- Apathy (lack of interest in
people/things)
- Lack of motivation
- Blunted affect
- Poverty of speech (brief replies)
- Anhedonia (lack of interest)
- Avoidance of relationships
* Cognitive Symptoms
- Poor decision making
- Loss of memory
- Distracted
- Difficulty focusing
What is bipolar
Mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
* Rapid speech
* Hyperactivity
* Flight of ideas
* Grandiosity
* Poor judgement
* Aggression/hostility
* Risky sexual behavior
* Neglect basic self-care
* Decreased impulse control
What is depression
Diminished interest
* Weight loss when not dieting or weight
gain
* Insomnia or hypersomnia
* Agitation
* Fatigue
* Feeling of worthlessness
* Inappropriate guilt
* Diminished ability to concentrate
* Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal
ideation, or suicide attempt
