anti microbial drugs Flashcards
Penicillin’s
Drug
Use
MOA
Side affects
Teaching
Amoxicillin
Use- variety of infectious processes-pneumonia/strep
Available in PO, IV, or IM
Mechanism of Action:
-Bactericidal, kill bacteria interfering with protein synthesis-breaking down and destroying the cell
Adverse/Side Effects:
- superinfections, (C-diff or yeast infections)
- Cross-sensitivity for patients allergic to cephalosporins
Patient Teaching/Education:
- Best absorbed on empty stomach
- May cause GI upset – should be taken with food, if present
- Take medication as instructed
- Complete entire course
- Do not use oral contraceptive
Cephalosporins
Drug
Use
MOA
Side affects
Teaching
Cefazolin
Use- skin infections, bone infections, GU infections, otitis media, and respiratory tract infections
iturates (CNS depressant)
Adverse/Side Effects:
- Patient’s allergic to penicillin’s may also be allergic to
- Drinking alcohol may cause a disulfiram-life reaction
(hangover-like symptoms)
Mechanism of Action:
Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
Patient Teaching/Education:
- Monitor for superinfection
- Black, furry overgrowth on the tongue; vaginal itching or discharge; foul-smelling stool
- Breastfeeding is discouraged
Sulfonamides
Drug
Use
MOA
Side affects
Teaching
Trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole
Used to treat UTIs, otitis media, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, and travelers’ diarrhea
Mechanism of Action:
Bacteriostatic, inhibits the growth of a wide spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens
Adverse/Side Effects:
- Allergic reactions are common
- Discontinue at first sign of rash or adverse
reaction
- Educate patient prior to administering
- Monitor urine for cloudiness/crystals
- May increase risk for bleeding
- Monitor glucose carefully
Patient Teaching/Education:
- Do not skip doses
- Can cause photosensitivity
- Use sunscreen and protective clothing
- Increase fluid intake while taking
Fluoroquinolones
Drug
Use
MOA
Side affects
Teaching
Levofloxacin
Used to pneumonia or complicated skin or urinary tract infections
Mechanism of Action:
Synthetic antibacterial medication that inhibits
DNA replication
Adverse/Side Effects:
- Black Box Warning:- Tendinitis and tendon rupture, peripheral neuropathy, CNS effects
Patient Teaching/Education:
- Avoid antacids while taking
- Impedes absorption
- Take as instructed with full glass of water two hours before or after meals
- Enhances absorption and prevents crystalluria
- Stop IMMEDIATELY with presence of adverse effects
Macrolides
Drug
Use
MOA
Side affects
Teaching
Erythromycin
Used for respiratory infections, otitis media, pelvic inflammatory infections and Chlamydia
Mechanism of Action:
Inhibits RNA protein synthesis and suppress
reproduction of the bacteria
Adverse/Side Effects:
- May impact liver, use caution with liver
disease or impairment
- Can cause drowsiness
Patient Teaching/Education:
- Take with food d/t GI upset
- Avoid excessive sunlight and wear protective
clothing and sunscreen outside
- Report chest pain, palpitations, or yellowing of
skin or eye
Aminoglycosides
Drug
Use
MOA
Side affects
Teaching
Streptomycin/gentamicin
Used for streptococcal endocarditis and second
line treatment for tuberculosis
Mechanism of Action:
Bactericidal, inhibiting protein synthesis in the cell wall and resulting in bacterial death
Adverse/Side Effects:
- Potentially nephrotoxic and neurotoxic
- Peak/trough levels are required
- GI upset and rash
- Report diarrhea immediately
Patient Teaching/Education:
- Blood sample for peak level should be done 1-
2 hours after IM injection; obtain blood trough
just before next dose
- Monitor for signs of hypersensitivity and
auditory changes
Tetracyclines
Drug
Use
MOA
Side affects
Teaching
Tetracycline
Used for treatment of many gram-positive and gram-
negative infections
Mechanism of Action:
Penetrates the bacterial cell wall, binding to the 30S ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis required to make the cellular wall
Adverse/Side Effects:
- Discoloration of developing teeth can occur
- Use caution with renal/liver impairment
- Monitor for superinfections (thrush/C-diff)
Patient Teaching/Education:
- Drink with a full glass of water for better absorption
- Take on an empty stomach
- 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals
- Use alternative contraceptives if taking oral birth control while taking antibiotic
Glycopeptides
Drug
Use
MOA
Side affects
Teaching
Vancomycin
Used to treat serious or severe infections when other antibiotics are ineffective or contraindicated
Mechanism of Action:
Active against gram-positive bacteria
Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
Adverse/Side Effects:
- IV infusion may result in “red man syndrome”
- Flushing of the skin, reddish rash on upper body
when administered too rapidly
- Monitor trough levels for targeted dosing
Patient Teaching/Education:
- Take as directed for entire course of therapy
- Monitor for side effects
- Hypersensitivity, tinnitus, hearing loss, vertigo, and red rash
Antiprotozoals
Drug
Use
MOA
Side affects
Teaching
Metronidazole
Used to treat acne rosacea, bacterial vaginosis, or trichomona
Mechanism of Action:
Inhibits protozoan folic acid synthesis,
impairing protozoal cell
Adverse/Side Effects:
- Use caution with hepatic impairment, blood dyscrasias, or CNS diseases
- Seizures, peripheral neuropathy, psychotic reactions, and hepatotoxicity
Patient Teaching/Education:
- Take as directed and prevent reinfection
- May cause dizziness and dry mouth
- Can cause darkened urine
- Avoid alcohol while taking
Antivirals
herpes
Drug
Use
MOA
Side affects
Teaching
Acyclovir
Used for herpes and varicella virus infections (genital herpes, chickenpox, shingles, Epstein- Barr, and cytomegalovirus infections)
Mechanism of Action:
Terminates the DNA chain during viral
replication process
Adverse/Side Effects:
- GI distress
- Monitor renal function with long-term use
- Lowers seizure threshold
Patient Teaching/Education:
- May experience significant fatigue
- Alternate rest with activity – encourage
periods of rest
- Increase fluid intake
- Avoid sexual contact while lesions are present
Antivirals
influenza
Drug
Use
MOA
Side affects
Teaching
Oseltamivir
sed to target the influenza virus by blocking the release of the virus from the infected cell
Mechanism of Action:
Prevents the release of virus from the infected
cells
Adverse/Side Effects:
- GI distress
- Skin sensitivity/reaction
- Use caution with renal failure, cardiac and
respiratory diseases
Patient Teaching/Education:
- MUST be given within 48 hours of symptoms
- Take as directed
- Promote frequent periods of rest d/t significant
fatigue
Antifungals
Drug
Use
MOA
Side affects
Teaching
Nystatin
Used for topical yeast infections of the skin, mouth,
vagina, but may also be used for intestinal fungal infections
Mechanism of Action:
Disrupt ergosterol biosynthesis of the cell membrane increasing cellular permeability and cause cell death
Adverse/Side Effects:
- Administration guidelines depends on the type
of infection and drug use
Patient Teaching/Education:
- Report any rash, abdominal pain, fever or
diarrhea
- Monitor for unexplained bruising or bleeding,
may be a sign of liver dysfunction
- Hold “swish and swallow” in mouth for several
minutes before swallowing
