Exam 1 And Wks 8-12 Flashcards
the aggregate of persons or objects that meet a specified set of criteria, and to whom we wish to generalize results of a study.
Population
subgroup of the population. Serves as the reference group to estimate characteristics of and to draw conclusions about the population.
Sample
Levels of the Sampling Process
Target population
Accessible population
Sample
Overall group to which findings will be generalized.
Target population
Persons who have an actual chance to be selected, who are available
Accessible population
Derives from the accessible population
Sampling
the primary traits of the target and accessible populations that will make someone eligible to be a participant.
Inclusion criteria
factors that would preclude someone from being a subject.
Exclusion criteria
Types of sampling
●Sampling error
●Sampling bias
●Probability sampling
●Nonprobability sampling
Types of probability sampling
●Simple random sampling
●Systematic sampling
●Stratified random sampling
●Cluster sampling
●Disproportional sampling
Types of Nonprobability Sampling
●Convenience sampling
●Quota sampling
●Purposive sampling
●Snowball sampling
A number characterizing a sample
Statistic
A number characterizing a population
Parameter
Reduction of data to describe characteristics of a group of observations
Descriptive statistic
Reduction of data to make generalizations about a population
Inferential statistics
Used to characterize the shape, central tendency, and variability within a set of data.
Descriptive Statistics
measures of population characteristics
Parameters
descriptive index from sample data
Statistics
Methods to display frequency data
Grouped frequency distribution
Histogram
Line plot
Stem-and-leaf plot
Shapes of distributions
Normal (B)
Skewed to right (A)
Skewed to left (C)
Measures of central tendency include
Mode, median, mean
Normal distribution is also known as
Bell-shaped distribution or Gaussian distribution
68% of scores are within
One SD of mean
95% of scores are within
2 SD of mean
99% of scores are within
3 SD of the mean
A standardized score based on the normal distribution
Allows for interpretation of a score in relation to the sample mean and variance
Z-scores
Represents standard deviation units
Z
The tendency for sample values to differ from population values
Sampling error
The variance properties of a sampling distribution of means
Standard error of the mean
Increasing confidence interval decreases…..
Precision
H0
Null hypothesis
Null hypothesis
No difference
H1
Alternating hypothesis
Alternating hypothesis
There is a difference; may stated with or without direction
“Disproving” the null hypothesis
Reject; do not reject
Mistakenly finding a difference
Type 1
Mistakenly finding no difference
Type 2
Type one error
False-positive
Level of significance for type 1 error
Alpha
How much is the error acceptable?
Interpreting probability values for type 1 error
The p value is the probability of finding an effect as big as the one observed when the null hypothesis is true.
Type 2 error
False-negative
Probability of making a type 2 error
Beta
1 - B
Statistical power
Statistical power
Power is the probability that a test will lead to rejection of the null hypothesis, or the probability of attaining statistical significance.
P =
Power (1-B)
A =
Alpha level of significance
N =
Sample size
E =
Effect size
Estimating sample size
A priori analysis
Determine power
Post hoc analysis
Power analysis determines
Clinical vs statistical significance
Directional hypothesis
One-tailed test
Non directional hypothesis
Two-tailed test
Two-tailed test allows for
Possibility that difference may be + or -
One-tailed should only be used when
The relevant difference is in one direction
individuals are selected based on non-random criteria, and not every individual has a chance of being included
Easier and cheaper to access, HGIHER RISK OF SAMPLING BIAS
Non-probability sampling methods
Mainly used in quantitative research; used to produce results that are representative of the whole population
Probability Sampling Methods
3 main types of descriptive statistics
Frequency
Central tendency
Variability
SPSS
statistical Product and Service Solutions
statistical Product and Service Solutions
powerful statistical software platform
Inferential statistics have two main uses:
Making estimates
Testing hypotheses
mechanism by which an agency awards money to fund a research study or other activity, such as an educational program, service program, demonstration, or research project
Grant
NIH
National institutes of health
When is a full review of the literature most helpful in the development of a research topic?
during the development of the theoretical framework
Which of the following is NOT TRUE about research questions?
research questions begin with a very narrow concern and then get bigger as they are formulated
Which of the following is the FIRST step in developing a research question?
identifying the problem
In the research question, for first-year college students with ADHD is living on campus or off campus more effective in establishing successful lifestyle routines, the first-year college student with ADHD represents the?
Population
These are interrelated concepts that specify relationships among variables. They are accepted unless/until they are disproven. They represent a reasonable explanation of the relationship and are known as…?
Theories
How are clinicians primarily involved in theory testing in clinical practice? For example, how do you the OT determine whether your intervention has been successful (or not)?
through evaluation of patient outcomes
Research that takes knowledge from bench to bedside is known as?
translational research
A study that is more generalizable to practice (real-world) than research settings is known as a(n)
effectiveness study
Studies that focus on the impact of results of health care practices and interventions are known as…
Outcomes research
An example of an efficacy research study would include which of these? This type of work attempts to minimize the potential sources of bias.
RCT
Another name for clinical research is?
Applied research
The first step of the scientific method is?
identifying the research question
T/F: The National Institutes of Health (NIH) defines clinical research to include patient-oriented research, health services research, and epidemiological studies.
True
Evidence-based practice relates to the research process in which of the following ways?
patient’s unique values
use of the best/available research evidence
circumstances
clinical expertise
According to federal regulations, this body must review research proposals prior to implementation to ensure that the rights of research subjects are protected. It is comprised of at least five members with diverse backgrounds that facilitate reviews of the scientific and ethical details of proposed research. At least one member must be concerned primarily with nonscientific issues and may be a lawyer, clergymen, or ethicist.
IRB — institutional review board
Which of the following is a PRIMARY source of information?
Cohort study or RCT
Which database or website would an allied health professional like an OT use to answer a foreground question?
CINAHL
Which of the following search strategies would be the most efficient to find an answer to a clinical question in PubMed about the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with someone with anxiety disorders?
CBT AND anxiety d/o
What should the next step be after you’ve run an initial search and not finding and relevant papers?
refine the search
Which of the following strategies allows you to stay current with new research studies
subscribe to the table of content alerts from various journals related to your interests
The ideal number of search terms to include in your search to answer a clinical question is?
the number depends on the clinical question
The purpose of a research proposal include all of the following except
to assure that there will not be any changes under any circumstances even if there is inherent harm. The procedures will work as expected.
Administrative sections of the research proposal include all of the following except
Reliability and validity measurements
Specific aims of a study refer to
The study’s objectives
The purpose of the background section of a proposal is to
Provide theoretical rationale for the study’s purpose
T/F: The informed consent form must be approved before a research proposal can be implemented
True
