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Research > Exam 1 And Wks 8-12 > Flashcards

Exam 1 And Wks 8-12 Flashcards

1
Q

the aggregate of persons or objects that meet a specified set of criteria, and to whom we wish to generalize results of a study.

A

Population

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2
Q

subgroup of the population. Serves as the reference group to estimate characteristics of and to draw conclusions about the population.

A

Sample

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3
Q

Levels of the Sampling Process

A

Target population
Accessible population
Sample

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4
Q

Overall group to which findings will be generalized.

A

Target population

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5
Q

Persons who have an actual chance to be selected, who are available

A

Accessible population

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6
Q

Derives from the accessible population

A

Sampling

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7
Q

the primary traits of the target and accessible populations that will make someone eligible to be a participant.

A

Inclusion criteria

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8
Q

factors that would preclude someone from being a subject.

A

Exclusion criteria

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9
Q

Types of sampling

A

●Sampling error
●Sampling bias
●Probability sampling
●Nonprobability sampling

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10
Q

Types of probability sampling

A

●Simple random sampling
●Systematic sampling
●Stratified random sampling
●Cluster sampling
●Disproportional sampling

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11
Q

Types of Nonprobability Sampling

A

●Convenience sampling
●Quota sampling
●Purposive sampling
●Snowball sampling

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12
Q

A number characterizing a sample

A

Statistic

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13
Q

A number characterizing a population

A

Parameter

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14
Q

Reduction of data to describe characteristics of a group of observations

A

Descriptive statistic

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15
Q

Reduction of data to make generalizations about a population

A

Inferential statistics

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16
Q

Used to characterize the shape, central tendency, and variability within a set of data.

A

Descriptive Statistics

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17
Q

measures of population characteristics

A

Parameters

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18
Q

descriptive index from sample data

A

Statistics

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19
Q

Methods to display frequency data

A

Grouped frequency distribution
Histogram
Line plot
Stem-and-leaf plot

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20
Q

Shapes of distributions

A

Normal (B)
Skewed to right (A)
Skewed to left (C)

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21
Q

Measures of central tendency include

A

Mode, median, mean

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22
Q

Normal distribution is also known as

A

Bell-shaped distribution or Gaussian distribution

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23
Q

68% of scores are within

A

One SD of mean

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24
Q

95% of scores are within

A

2 SD of mean

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25
Q

99% of scores are within

A

3 SD of the mean

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26
Q

A standardized score based on the normal distribution

Allows for interpretation of a score in relation to the sample mean and variance

A

Z-scores

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27
Q

Represents standard deviation units

A

Z

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28
Q

The tendency for sample values to differ from population values

A

Sampling error

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29
Q

The variance properties of a sampling distribution of means

A

Standard error of the mean

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30
Q

Increasing confidence interval decreases…..

A

Precision

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31
Q

H0

A

Null hypothesis

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32
Q

Null hypothesis

A

No difference

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33
Q

H1

A

Alternating hypothesis

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34
Q

Alternating hypothesis

A

There is a difference; may stated with or without direction

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35
Q

“Disproving” the null hypothesis

A

Reject; do not reject

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36
Q

Mistakenly finding a difference

A

Type 1

37
Q

Mistakenly finding no difference

A

Type 2

38
Q

Type one error

A

False-positive

39
Q

Level of significance for type 1 error

A

Alpha

How much is the error acceptable?

40
Q

Interpreting probability values for type 1 error

A

The p value is the probability of finding an effect as big as the one observed when the null hypothesis is true.

41
Q

Type 2 error

A

False-negative

42
Q

Probability of making a type 2 error

A

Beta

43
Q

1 - B

A

Statistical power

44
Q

Statistical power

A

Power is the probability that a test will lead to rejection of the null hypothesis, or the probability of attaining statistical significance.

45
Q

P =

A

Power (1-B)

46
Q

A =

A

Alpha level of significance

47
Q

N =

A

Sample size

48
Q

E =

A

Effect size

49
Q

Estimating sample size

A

A priori analysis

50
Q

Determine power

A

Post hoc analysis

51
Q

Power analysis determines

A

Clinical vs statistical significance

52
Q

Directional hypothesis

A

One-tailed test

53
Q

Non directional hypothesis

A

Two-tailed test

54
Q

Two-tailed test allows for

A

Possibility that difference may be + or -

55
Q

One-tailed should only be used when

A

The relevant difference is in one direction

56
Q

individuals are selected based on non-random criteria, and not every individual has a chance of being included

Easier and cheaper to access, HGIHER RISK OF SAMPLING BIAS

A

Non-probability sampling methods

57
Q

Mainly used in quantitative research; used to produce results that are representative of the whole population

A

Probability Sampling Methods

58
Q

3 main types of descriptive statistics

A

Frequency
Central tendency
Variability

59
Q

SPSS

A

statistical Product and Service Solutions

60
Q

statistical Product and Service Solutions

A

powerful statistical software platform

61
Q

Inferential statistics have two main uses:

A

Making estimates
Testing hypotheses

62
Q

mechanism by which an agency awards money to fund a research study or other activity, such as an educational program, service program, demonstration, or research project

A

Grant

63
Q

NIH

A

National institutes of health

64
Q

When is a full review of the literature most helpful in the development of a research topic?

A

during the development of the theoretical framework

65
Q

Which of the following is NOT TRUE about research questions?

A

research questions begin with a very narrow concern and then get bigger as they are formulated

66
Q

Which of the following is the FIRST step in developing a research question?

A

identifying the problem

67
Q

In the research question, for first-year college students with ADHD is living on campus or off campus more effective in establishing successful lifestyle routines, the first-year college student with ADHD represents the?

A

Population

68
Q

These are interrelated concepts that specify relationships among variables. They are accepted unless/until they are disproven. They represent a reasonable explanation of the relationship and are known as…?

A

Theories

69
Q

How are clinicians primarily involved in theory testing in clinical practice? For example, how do you the OT determine whether your intervention has been successful (or not)?

A

through evaluation of patient outcomes

70
Q

Research that takes knowledge from bench to bedside is known as?

A

translational research

71
Q

A study that is more generalizable to practice (real-world) than research settings is known as a(n)

A

effectiveness study

72
Q

Studies that focus on the impact of results of health care practices and interventions are known as…

A

Outcomes research

73
Q

An example of an efficacy research study would include which of these? This type of work attempts to minimize the potential sources of bias.

A

RCT

74
Q

Another name for clinical research is?

A

Applied research

75
Q

The first step of the scientific method is?

A

identifying the research question

76
Q

T/F: The National Institutes of Health (NIH) defines clinical research to include patient-oriented research, health services research, and epidemiological studies.

A

True

77
Q

Evidence-based practice relates to the research process in which of the following ways?

A

patient’s unique values
use of the best/available research evidence
circumstances
clinical expertise

78
Q

According to federal regulations, this body must review research proposals prior to implementation to ensure that the rights of research subjects are protected. It is comprised of at least five members with diverse backgrounds that facilitate reviews of the scientific and ethical details of proposed research. At least one member must be concerned primarily with nonscientific issues and may be a lawyer, clergymen, or ethicist.

A

IRB — institutional review board

79
Q

Which of the following is a PRIMARY source of information?

A

Cohort study or RCT

80
Q

Which database or website would an allied health professional like an OT use to answer a foreground question?

A

CINAHL

81
Q

Which of the following search strategies would be the most efficient to find an answer to a clinical question in PubMed about the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with someone with anxiety disorders?

A

CBT AND anxiety d/o

82
Q

What should the next step be after you’ve run an initial search and not finding and relevant papers?

A

refine the search

83
Q

Which of the following strategies allows you to stay current with new research studies

A

subscribe to the table of content alerts from various journals related to your interests

84
Q

The ideal number of search terms to include in your search to answer a clinical question is?

A

the number depends on the clinical question

85
Q

The purpose of a research proposal include all of the following except

A

to assure that there will not be any changes under any circumstances even if there is inherent harm. The procedures will work as expected.

86
Q

Administrative sections of the research proposal include all of the following except

A

Reliability and validity measurements

87
Q

Specific aims of a study refer to

A

The study’s objectives

88
Q

The purpose of the background section of a proposal is to

A

Provide theoretical rationale for the study’s purpose

89
Q

T/F: The informed consent form must be approved before a research proposal can be implemented

A

True

Research (17 decks)

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