Exam 1 And Wks 8-12

Question 1

the aggregate of persons or objects that meet a specified set of criteria, and to whom we wish to generalize results of a study.

Answer 1

Population

Question 2

subgroup of the population. Serves as the reference group to estimate characteristics of and to draw conclusions about the population.

Answer 2

Sample

Question 3

Levels of the Sampling Process

Answer 3

Target population
Accessible population
Sample

Question 4

Overall group to which findings will be generalized.

Answer 4

Target population

Question 5

Persons who have an actual chance to be selected, who are available

Answer 5

Accessible population

Question 6

Derives from the accessible population

Answer 6

Sampling

Question 7

the primary traits of the target and accessible populations that will make someone eligible to be a participant.

Answer 7

Inclusion criteria

Question 8

factors that would preclude someone from being a subject.

Answer 8

Exclusion criteria

Question 9

Types of sampling

Answer 9

●Sampling error
●Sampling bias
●Probability sampling
●Nonprobability sampling

Question 10

Types of probability sampling

Answer 10

●Simple random sampling
●Systematic sampling
●Stratified random sampling
●Cluster sampling
●Disproportional sampling

Question 11

Types of Nonprobability Sampling

Answer 11

●Convenience sampling
●Quota sampling
●Purposive sampling
●Snowball sampling

Question 12

A number characterizing a sample

Answer 12

Statistic

Question 13

A number characterizing a population

Answer 13

Parameter

Question 14

Reduction of data to describe characteristics of a group of observations

Answer 14

Descriptive statistic

Question 15

Reduction of data to make generalizations about a population

Answer 15

Inferential statistics

Question 16

Used to characterize the shape, central tendency, and variability within a set of data.

Answer 16

Descriptive Statistics

Question 17

measures of population characteristics

Answer 17

Parameters

Question 18

descriptive index from sample data

Answer 18

Statistics

Question 19

Methods to display frequency data

Answer 19

Grouped frequency distribution
Histogram
Line plot
Stem-and-leaf plot

Question 20

Shapes of distributions

Answer 20

Normal (B)
Skewed to right (A)
Skewed to left (C)

Question 21

Measures of central tendency include

Answer 21

Mode, median, mean

Question 22

Normal distribution is also known as

Answer 22

Bell-shaped distribution or Gaussian distribution

Question 23

68% of scores are within

Answer 23

One SD of mean

Question 24

95% of scores are within

Answer 24

2 SD of mean

Question 25

99% of scores are within

Answer 25

3 SD of the mean

Question 26

A standardized score based on the normal distribution Allows for interpretation of a score in relation to the sample mean and variance

Answer 26

Z-scores

Question 27

Represents standard deviation units

Answer 27

Z

Question 28

The tendency for sample values to differ from population values

Answer 28

Sampling error

Question 29

The variance properties of a sampling distribution of means

Answer 29

Standard error of the mean

Question 30

Increasing confidence interval decreases…..

Answer 30

Precision

Question 31

H0

Answer 31

Null hypothesis

Question 32

Null hypothesis

Answer 32

No difference

Question 33

H1

Answer 33

Alternating hypothesis

Question 34

Alternating hypothesis

Answer 34

There is a difference; may stated with or without direction

Question 35

“Disproving” the null hypothesis

Answer 35

Reject; do not reject

Question 36

Mistakenly finding a difference

Answer 36

Type 1

Question 37

Mistakenly finding no difference

Answer 37

Type 2

Question 38

Type one error

Answer 38

False-positive

Question 39

Level of significance for type 1 error

Answer 39

Alpha How much is the error acceptable?

Question 40

Interpreting probability values for type 1 error

Answer 40

The p value is the probability of finding an effect as big as the one observed when the null hypothesis is true.

Question 41

Type 2 error

Answer 41

False-negative

Question 42

Probability of making a type 2 error

Answer 42

Beta

Question 43

1 - B

Answer 43

Statistical power

Question 44

Statistical power

Answer 44

Power is the probability that a test will lead to rejection of the null hypothesis, or the probability of attaining statistical significance.

Question 45

P =

Answer 45

Power (1-B)

Question 46

A =

Answer 46

Alpha level of significance

Question 47

N =

Answer 47

Sample size

Question 48

E =

Answer 48

Effect size

Question 49

Estimating sample size

Answer 49

A priori analysis

Question 50

Determine power

Answer 50

Post hoc analysis

Question 51

Power analysis determines

Answer 51

Clinical vs statistical significance

Question 52

Directional hypothesis

Answer 52

One-tailed test

Question 53

Non directional hypothesis

Answer 53

Two-tailed test

Question 54

Two-tailed test allows for

Answer 54

Possibility that difference may be + or -

Question 55

One-tailed should only be used when

Answer 55

The relevant difference is in one direction

Question 56

individuals are selected based on non-random criteria, and not every individual has a chance of being included Easier and cheaper to access, HGIHER RISK OF SAMPLING BIAS

Answer 56

Non-probability sampling methods

Question 57

Mainly used in quantitative research; used to produce results that are representative of the whole population

Answer 57

Probability Sampling Methods

Question 58

3 main types of descriptive statistics

Answer 58

Frequency Central tendency Variability

Question 59

SPSS

Answer 59

statistical Product and Service Solutions

Question 60

statistical Product and Service Solutions

Answer 60

powerful statistical software platform

Question 61

Inferential statistics have two main uses:

Answer 61

Making estimates Testing hypotheses

Question 62

mechanism by which an agency awards money to fund a research study or other activity, such as an educational program, service program, demonstration, or research project

Answer 62

Grant

Question 63

NIH

Answer 63

National institutes of health

Question 64

When is a full review of the literature most helpful in the development of a research topic?

Answer 64

during the development of the theoretical framework

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT TRUE about research questions?

Answer 65

research questions begin with a very narrow concern and then get bigger as they are formulated

Question 66

Which of the following is the FIRST step in developing a research question?

Answer 66

identifying the problem

Question 67

In the research question, for first-year college students with ADHD is living on campus or off campus more effective in establishing successful lifestyle routines, the first-year college student with ADHD represents the?

Answer 67

Population

Question 68

These are interrelated concepts that specify relationships among variables. They are accepted unless/until they are disproven. They represent a reasonable explanation of the relationship and are known as...?

Answer 68

Theories

Question 69

How are clinicians primarily involved in theory testing in clinical practice? For example, how do you the OT determine whether your intervention has been successful (or not)?

Answer 69

through evaluation of patient outcomes

Question 70

Research that takes knowledge from bench to bedside is known as?

Answer 70

translational research

Question 71

A study that is more generalizable to practice (real-world) than research settings is known as a(n)

Answer 71

effectiveness study

Question 72

Studies that focus on the impact of results of health care practices and interventions are known as...

Answer 72

Outcomes research

Question 73

An example of an efficacy research study would include which of these? This type of work attempts to minimize the potential sources of bias.

Answer 73

RCT

Question 74

Another name for clinical research is?

Answer 74

Applied research

Question 75

The first step of the scientific method is?

Answer 75

identifying the research question

Question 76

T/F: The National Institutes of Health (NIH) defines clinical research to include patient-oriented research, health services research, and epidemiological studies.

Answer 76

True

Question 77

Evidence-based practice relates to the research process in which of the following ways?

Answer 77

patient's unique values use of the best/available research evidence circumstances clinical expertise

Question 78

According to federal regulations, this body must review research proposals prior to implementation to ensure that the rights of research subjects are protected. It is comprised of at least five members with diverse backgrounds that facilitate reviews of the scientific and ethical details of proposed research. At least one member must be concerned primarily with nonscientific issues and may be a lawyer, clergymen, or ethicist.

Answer 78

IRB — institutional review board

Question 79

Which of the following is a PRIMARY source of information?

Answer 79

Cohort study or RCT

Question 80

Which database or website would an allied health professional like an OT use to answer a foreground question?

Answer 80

CINAHL

Question 81

Which of the following search strategies would be the most efficient to find an answer to a clinical question in PubMed about the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with someone with anxiety disorders?

Answer 81

CBT AND anxiety d/o

Question 82

What should the next step be after you've run an initial search and not finding and relevant papers?

Answer 82

refine the search

Question 83

Which of the following strategies allows you to stay current with new research studies

Answer 83

subscribe to the table of content alerts from various journals related to your interests

Question 84

The ideal number of search terms to include in your search to answer a clinical question is?

Answer 84

the number depends on the clinical question

Question 85

The purpose of a research proposal include all of the following except

Answer 85

to assure that there will not be any changes under any circumstances even if there is inherent harm. The procedures will work as expected.

Question 86

Administrative sections of the research proposal include all of the following except

Answer 86

Reliability and validity measurements

Question 87

Specific aims of a study refer to

Answer 87

The study’s objectives

Question 88

The purpose of the background section of a proposal is to

Answer 88

Provide theoretical rationale for the study’s purpose

Question 89

T/F: The informed consent form must be approved before a research proposal can be implemented

Answer 89

True