Chapter 1

Question 1

structured process of investigating facts and theories and exploring connections, with the purpose of improving individual and public health

Answer 1

Clinical research

Question 2

According to the NIH definition clinical research is

Answer 2

•Patient oriented research
•Epidemiologic and behavioral studies
•Outcomes research and health sciences research

Question 3

strives to capture naturally occurring phenomena following a tradition of social constructivism

Answer 3

Qualitative research

Question 4

is based on a philosophy of logical positivism, in which human experience is assumed to be based on logical and controlled relationships among defined variables

Answer 4

Quantitative research

Question 5

Types of scientific method

Answer 5

●Systematic
●Empirical
●Controlled critical examination
●Critical examination

Question 6

Steps of the research process

Answer 6

●Step 1: Identify the
Research Question
●Step 2: Design the Study
●Step 3: Implement the Study
●Step 4: Analyze the Data
●Step 5: Disseminate Findings

Question 7

EBP includes multiple perspectives

Answer 7

•Research evidence
•Clinical expertise
•Patient values
•Clinical circumstances

Question 8

is the application of basic scientific findings to clinically relevant issues, and simultaneously, the generation of scientific questions based on clinical dilemmas

“Bench to bedside”

Answer 8

Translational research

Question 9

effectiveness of intervention under ideal conditions
•Controlled environment
•Placebo or control condition

Answer 9

Efficacy

Question 10

effectiveness of intervention in real-world circumstances
•Clinical settings and conditions

Answer 10

Effectiveness

Question 11

implies logical sequence that leads from identification of a problem, through organized collection and objective analysis of data, to the interpretation of findings

Answer 11

Systematic

Question 12

refers to the necessity for documenting objective data through direct observation, thereby minimizing bias

Answer 12

Empirical

Question 13

controlling factors are not directly related to the variables in question, perhaps the most important characteristic.

Answer 13

Control

Question 14

researcher must subject findings to empirical testing and to the scrutiny of others

Answer 14

Critical examination

Question 15

The process of clinical research involves sequential steps that guide thinking, planning and analysis.

Answer 15

The research proces

Question 16

portrays health and functioning in a complex and multidimensional model, consisting of 6 components and 2 domains

Answer 16

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (IFC)

Question 17

reflects the relationship among health conditions, body functions and structures, activities, and participation. They can be described as facilitators or barriers.

Answer 17

Functioning and disability

Question 18

consider the individual’s health and function based on interaction with the environment and personal factors that can facilitate function or create barriers

Answer 18

Contextual factors

Question 19

The activity and participation components can be further conceptualized in terms of an individual’s

Answer 19

capacity to act versus actual performance

Question 20

represent fields of study or individual sciences

Answer 20

Disciplines

Question 21

disciplined group of individuals who are educated to apply a specialized knowledge base in the interest of society, and who adhere to ethical standards and hold themselves accountable for high standards of behavior.

Answer 21

Profession

Question 22

members of one profession work together

Answer 22

Intraprofessional

Question 23

members of professions work in parallel alongside each other to provide input

Answer 23

Multiprofessional

Question 24

members of multiple professions work together

Answer 24

Interprofessional

Question 25

a high level of cooperation of professionals from multiple fields who understand each other’s roles and perspectives to blur boundaries, share skills and expertise, and use them to develop new ways of viewing a problem.

Answer 25

Transprofessional

Question 26

Research directed toward the acquisition of new knowledge.
Results may not have direct clinical application.

Answer 26

Basic research

Question 27

advances the development of new diagnostic tests, drugs, therapies, and prevention strategies; answers questions that have direct clinical application

Explanatory, exploratory, descriptive

Answer 27

Applied research

Question 28

can be viewed along a continuum that reflects the type of question the research is intended to answer.

Answer 28

Applied research

Question 29

an efficacy trial involving the controlled comparison of an experimental intervention and a placebo. Through random assignment, the design controls for bias to allow cause-and-effect conclusions.

Answer 29

Randomized controlled trial

Question 30

an effectiveness trial with focus on real-world outcomes. Outcomes focus on issues such as quality of life, cost, and implementation

Answer 30

Pragmatic clinical trial

Question 31

comparative designs that don’t have a control group. Includes time-series designs that allow for repeated measurements of long periods to document trends.

Answer 31

Quasi-experimental designs

Question 32

systematic study of one or more subjects with repeated measurements under controlled and experimental conditions to show changes in responses with and without intervention

Answer 32

Single-subject designs

Question 33

observational studies where one or more cohorts of individuals are followed prospectively, to determine their status with respect to a disease or outcome and their exposure to certain risk factors.

Answer 33

Cohort studies

Question 34

observational studies that compare patients with and without a disorder or outcome of interest. Cases and controls are compared on their exposure to a risk factor to determine the relationship between the risk factor and the disorder.

Answer 34

Case-control studies

Question 35

exploring relationships; can be used as a basis for decision-making, diagnosis, prognosis, and prevention.

Answer 35

Correlational/predictive studies

Question 36

using correlational and comparative methods to demonstrate reliability and validity of measuring instruments, including interpretation of change and responsiveness.

Answer 36

Methodological studies

Question 37

Can be used to establish associations between variables and to carry out methodological research to assess validity and reliability

Answer 37

Exploratory research

Question 38

Exploratory research involves many types of studies such as

Answer 38

Cohort studies
Case-control studies
Correlational/predictive studies
Methodological studies

Question 39

May involve questionnaires, interviews, direct observation, or the use of databases.

Answer 39

Descriptive research

Question 40

investigation of patterns of growth and change over time; may chronicle natural history of a disease or disability.

Answer 40

Developmental research

Question 41

establishes normal values for specific variables; serves as guidelines for diagnosis and treatment planning.

Answer 41

Normative research

Question 42

description of one or several patients or communities to document unusual conditions or the effect of innovative interventions.

Answer 42

Case report/case series

Question 43

reconstructs the past to generate questions or suggest relationships of historical interest to inform contemporary perspectives.

Answer 43

Historical research

Question 44

also called naturalistic research; observations or interviews explore the meaning of human experience as it occurs naturally, generating hypotheses about human behavior.

Answer 44

Qualitative research

Question 45

a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods.

Answer 45

Mixed methods research

Question 46

Descriptive research involves different types of research

Answer 46

Developmental research
Normative research
Case report/case series
Historical research
Qualitative research
Mixed methods research