Chapter 1 Flashcards
structured process of investigating facts and theories and exploring connections, with the purpose of improving individual and public health
Clinical research
According to the NIH definition clinical research is
•Patient oriented research
•Epidemiologic and behavioral studies
•Outcomes research and health sciences research
strives to capture naturally occurring phenomena following a tradition of social constructivism
Qualitative research
is based on a philosophy of logical positivism, in which human experience is assumed to be based on logical and controlled relationships among defined variables
Quantitative research
Types of scientific method
●Systematic
●Empirical
●Controlled critical examination
●Critical examination
Steps of the research process
●Step 1: Identify the
Research Question
●Step 2: Design the Study
●Step 3: Implement the Study
●Step 4: Analyze the Data
●Step 5: Disseminate Findings
EBP includes multiple perspectives
•Research evidence
•Clinical expertise
•Patient values
•Clinical circumstances
is the application of basic scientific findings to clinically relevant issues, and simultaneously, the generation of scientific questions based on clinical dilemmas
“Bench to bedside”
Translational research
effectiveness of intervention under ideal conditions
•Controlled environment
•Placebo or control condition
Efficacy
effectiveness of intervention in real-world circumstances
•Clinical settings and conditions
Effectiveness
implies logical sequence that leads from identification of a problem, through organized collection and objective analysis of data, to the interpretation of findings
Systematic
refers to the necessity for documenting objective data through direct observation, thereby minimizing bias
Empirical
controlling factors are not directly related to the variables in question, perhaps the most important characteristic.
Control
researcher must subject findings to empirical testing and to the scrutiny of others
Critical examination
The process of clinical research involves sequential steps that guide thinking, planning and analysis.
The research proces
portrays health and functioning in a complex and multidimensional model, consisting of 6 components and 2 domains
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (IFC)
reflects the relationship among health conditions, body functions and structures, activities, and participation. They can be described as facilitators or barriers.
Functioning and disability
consider the individual’s health and function based on interaction with the environment and personal factors that can facilitate function or create barriers
Contextual factors
The activity and participation components can be further conceptualized in terms of an individual’s
capacity to act versus actual performance
represent fields of study or individual sciences
Disciplines
disciplined group of individuals who are educated to apply a specialized knowledge base in the interest of society, and who adhere to ethical standards and hold themselves accountable for high standards of behavior.
Profession
members of one profession work together
Intraprofessional
members of professions work in parallel alongside each other to provide input
Multiprofessional
members of multiple professions work together
Interprofessional
a high level of cooperation of professionals from multiple fields who understand each other’s roles and perspectives to blur boundaries, share skills and expertise, and use them to develop new ways of viewing a problem.
Transprofessional
Research directed toward the acquisition of new knowledge.
Results may not have direct clinical application.
Basic research
advances the development of new diagnostic tests, drugs, therapies, and prevention strategies; answers questions that have direct clinical application
Explanatory, exploratory, descriptive
Applied research
can be viewed along a continuum that reflects the type of question the research is intended to answer.
Applied research
an efficacy trial involving the controlled comparison of an experimental intervention and a placebo. Through random assignment, the design controls for bias to allow cause-and-effect conclusions.
Randomized controlled trial
an effectiveness trial with focus on real-world outcomes. Outcomes focus on issues such as quality of life, cost, and implementation
Pragmatic clinical trial
comparative designs that don’t have a control group. Includes time-series designs that allow for repeated measurements of long periods to document trends.
Quasi-experimental designs
systematic study of one or more subjects with repeated measurements under controlled and experimental conditions to show changes in responses with and without intervention
Single-subject designs
observational studies where one or more cohorts of individuals are followed prospectively, to determine their status with respect to a disease or outcome and their exposure to certain risk factors.
Cohort studies
observational studies that compare patients with and without a disorder or outcome of interest. Cases and controls are compared on their exposure to a risk factor to determine the relationship between the risk factor and the disorder.
Case-control studies
exploring relationships; can be used as a basis for decision-making, diagnosis, prognosis, and prevention.
Correlational/predictive studies
using correlational and comparative methods to demonstrate reliability and validity of measuring instruments, including interpretation of change and responsiveness.
Methodological studies
Can be used to establish associations between variables and to carry out methodological research to assess validity and reliability
Exploratory research
Exploratory research involves many types of studies such as
Cohort studies
Case-control studies
Correlational/predictive studies
Methodological studies
May involve questionnaires, interviews, direct observation, or the use of databases.
Descriptive research
investigation of patterns of growth and change over time; may chronicle natural history of a disease or disability.
Developmental research
establishes normal values for specific variables; serves as guidelines for diagnosis and treatment planning.
Normative research
description of one or several patients or communities to document unusual conditions or the effect of innovative interventions.
Case report/case series
reconstructs the past to generate questions or suggest relationships of historical interest to inform contemporary perspectives.
Historical research
also called naturalistic research; observations or interviews explore the meaning of human experience as it occurs naturally, generating hypotheses about human behavior.
Qualitative research
a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods.
Mixed methods research
Descriptive research involves different types of research
Developmental research
Normative research
Case report/case series
Historical research
Qualitative research
Mixed methods research
