Chapter 2

Question 1

the direct application of scientific discoveries into clinical practice.

Answer 1

Translational research

Question 2

Successes of scientific breakthroughs in the laboratory or in animal models have not translated into major changes in medical or rehabilitative care for humans in a timely way.

Answer 2

The Translation Gap

Question 3

Some view it as the development of new drugs, treatments, or devices, whereas others see its purpose to focus on getting research findings into practice.

Answer 3

Translation Continuum

Question 4

Proof of concept

Answer 4

Efficacy

Question 5

Gold standard

Answer 5

RTC

Question 6

Designed to study the efficacy of a new therapy by comparing it to a placebo or standard care.

Answer 6

RTC

Question 7

Real-world conditions
More generalizable
Inclusion/exclusion criteria is not as strict — Allows for comorbidities

Answer 7

Effectiveness

Question 8

often eliminates the very patients who would likely be treated with the new therapy.

Answer 8

Major limitations

Question 9

often artificial, limiting the applicability of findings b/c they are not representative of the variable practice environment that cannot be controlled in the clinical community.

Answer 9

Testing environments

Question 10

incorporate measures of function or quality of life that are considered more relevant for patient satisfaction to understand if treatments have a meaningful effect on patient outcomes.

Answer 10

Pragmatic (practical) clinical trials (PTCs)

Question 11

highlights the human dimensions of health care

Answer 11

Qualitative research

Question 12

represented obstacles to realizing true health benefits from original research

Answer 12

Translational blocks

Question 13

5 phase of translational research

Answer 13

T0—Basic Research

T1—Translation to Humans

T2—Translation to Patients

T3—Translation to Practice

T4—Translation to Populations

Question 14

Represent an interactive pathway in multiple directions, not always starting with basic research questions

Answer 14

The Multimodal Cycle

Question 15

Federal and nonprofit agencies have created programs with significant funding to support effectiveness studies

Answer 15

Effective Research

Question 16

the generation and synthesis of evidence that compares the benefits and harms of alternative methods to prevent, diagnose, treat and monitor or improve the delivery of care

Answer 16

Comparative effectiveness research

Question 17

Hypothesis and study design are formulated based on information needed to make a clinical decision

Answer 17

Pragmatic Clinical Trials

Question 18

used to describe an approach to research that is of high quality but developed and implemented in real-world settings

Answer 18

PBE

Question 19

Umbrella term to describe studies that focus on the impact of results of healthcare practices and interventions.

Answer 19

Outcome research

Question 20

Comes directly from pt — Can be tested across multiple populations

Goal: engage pt in the development of questions and outcome measures

Answer 20

Patient-Reported Outcomes Measures

Question 21

Outcomes that measure things that a pt would care about

Answer 21

Patient-Oriented Evidence that Matters

Question 22

Distinct goal of engaging patients and other stakeholders in the development of questions and outcome measures, encouraging them to become integral members of the research process

Answer 22

Patient-centered outcomes research (PCOR)

Question 23

the one that will be used to arrive at a decision on the overall result of the study and that represents the greatest therapeutic benefit.

Answer 23

Primary outcome

Question 24

endpoint measures that may also be used to assess the effectiveness of the intervention, as well as side effects, costs, or other outcomes of interest.

Answer 24

Secondary outcomes

Question 25

focuses on understanding the influence of the environment and resources on whether research findings are actually translated to practice.

Answer 25

Implementation science

Question 26

An implementation study is focused on:

Answer 26

Ways to change behavior
Incorporating education and training
Team-based efforts
Community engagement
Systemic infrastructure redesign

Question 27

Implementation studies can address:

Answer 27

Clinical performance audits

Question 28

Involve variables that describe the intentional activities to deliver services

Typically focus on feasibility, acceptance, adoption, cost, and sustainability

Answer 28

Implementation outcomes

Question 29

often collected to better understand the context of implementation, including semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and direct observation

Answer 29

Qualitative data