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Med Surg I - Exam 3 > Exam 1 and Exam 2 Information > Flashcards

Exam 1 and Exam 2 Information Flashcards

1
Q

Isotonic Solutions

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

INCREASES fluid volume

  • used in the treatment of dehydration & hypovolemia
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2
Q

When should Isotonic solutions be administered?

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A

To treat dehydration & hypovolemia

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3
Q

Examples of Isotonic Solutions

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A
  • Lactated Ringers
  • 0.9% Normal Saline
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4
Q

ISOTONIC SOLUTION

  • What is the purpose of isotonic solution / what does it do?
  • When should isotonic solution be administered?
  • Examples of isotonic solution

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

↑ Fluid Volume

  • Administer to patients with: hypovolemia or dehydration

Examples:
* Lactated Ringers
* 0.9% Normal Saline

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5
Q

What does Hypotonic Solution do?

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A

Causes fluid to go from extracellular space (edema, ascites, etc.) into INTRACELLULAR space (veins / circulation)

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6
Q

When should Hypotonic solution be given & when should it be avoided?

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A
  • GIVE: increase fluid in the veins / circulation such as, to try & increase BP or to treat DKA

AVOID with BRAIN INJURIES

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7
Q

Examples of Hypotonic Solution

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

0.45% Normal Saline

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8
Q

HYPOTONIC SOLUTION

  • What does it do?
  • When should it be administered?
  • When should it be avoided?
  • Examples of Hypotonic solution

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

Causes fluid to go from extracellular space (edema, ascites, etc.) to intracellular space (veins / circulation)

  • used for increasing low BP & hyperosmolar conditions like the treatment of DKA
  • AVOID with BRAIN INJURIES (it can cause cellular swelling)

Examples
* 0.45% Normal Saline

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9
Q

What does Hypertonic Solution do?

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

Intracellular fluid goes to extracellular space –> CELLULAR SHRINKAGE

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10
Q

When should Hypertonic Solution be used?

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A
  • Brain injuries (removes fluid from the brain)
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11
Q

Examples of Hypertonic Solution

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A
  • Anything with D5W
  • 3% Normal Saline
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12
Q

ISOTONIC SOLUTION

1.) Indications / use

  • Examples
  • Cautions

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

1.) VOLUME EXPANSION in fluid volume deficit

Examples: 0.9% NS & Lactated Ringers

CAUTIONS:
* Pulmonary edema
* CHF
* Sodium retention
* Renal failure

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13
Q

HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS

1.) Indications / Use

  • Examples
  • Cautions

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

1.) Cell Fluid REPLACEMENT / Cell SWELLS (fluid goes INTO the cells)

Examples: 0.45% NS

CAUTIONS
* Cellular swelling
* Brain Injury
* ↓ BP

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14
Q

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION

1.) Indications / Use

  • Examples
  • Cautions

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

1.) fluid moves OUT of the cell / cell SHRINKS (↓ size of cell)

Examples: 3% NS, anything with D5

CAUTIONS:
* may cause dehydration
* may cause circulatory overload
* may cause ECF volume overload

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15
Q

When should D5W be avoided?

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A
  • In patients with brain injuries
  • Avoid during fluid resuscitation
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16
Q

Normal range of blood sugar

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A

70 - 100 mg/dL

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17
Q

Normal INR range for patients on warfarin (Coumadin)

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A

2.0 - 3.0

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18
Q

Normal aPTT for patients on Heparin

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A

1.5 - 2.5 times the normal range

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19
Q

What is the goal Hemoglobin A1C for patients with diabetes?

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20
Q

What is the blood sugar range in patients with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

300 - 800 mg/dL

21
Q

What is blood sugar in patients with Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS)?

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

> 600 mg/dL

blood sugar is 600 or higher

22
Q

What is infiltration What are the signs & symptoms?
What is the treatment?

A

Non-vessicant leaks into tissue

S/S: edema, cool, leakage out of the tissue, discomfort

Tx:
* stop the IV and start a new line
* warm compresses

23
Q

What is extravasation?
What are the signs & symptoms?
**What is the treatment?

A

Vessicant leaks into surrounding tissues

S/S: blistering, inflammation, necrosis, pain, burning, erythema

Tx:
* leave the IV in and ask Dr. if there is an antedote
* Start a new IV in a different extremity

24
Q

What is phlebitis?
What are the signs & symptoms?
What is the treatment?

A

Inflammation of the vein

S/S: red streak / snake or spider vein, erythema, edema, tenderness, painful

Tx:
* Discontinue the IV
* Start a new IV

25
Q

What is thrombophlebitis?
What are the signs & symptoms?
What is the treatment?

A

Clot + Inflammation

S/S: edema, erythema, pain, malaise, leukocytosis, fever

Tx:
* Cool compress
* Elevation
* Discontinue the IV & start a new one

25
Q

What is a hematoma?
What are the signs & symptoms?
What is the treatment?

A

Blood leakage into the tissue (vein wall perforated)

S/S: Swelling, leakage of blood, ecchymosis, red/purple bloody area / bruise

Tx:
* Discontinue IV
* Apply pressure
* Ice for 24 hours

26
Q

Normal range of Sodium (Na+)

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27
Q

Normal range of Potassium (K+)

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28
Q

Normal rang eof Calcium (Ca+)

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

8.8 - 10.4

29
Q

Normal range of Magnesium

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30
Q

Normal range of White Blood Cells (WBCs)

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

5,000 - 10,000 mm^3

31
Q

Normal range of Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

4.5 - 5.5

“4.5 - 5.5, the tissues are alive”

32
Q

Which metabolic disturbances do the following issues causes?

  • Hyperventilation
  • Hypoventilation

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

Hyperventilation = respiratory alkalosis

Hypoventilation = respiratory acidosis

33
Q

Describe metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis in terms of gaining or loosing bases and acids.

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

Metabolic Acidosis = gain base or lose acid

Metabolic Alkalosis = gain acid or lose base

34
Q

How can you tell if an ABG is compensated?

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

pCO2 & HCO3 are both moving the same direction

  • both up
  • both down
35
Q

How can you tell if an ABG is mixed?

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

CO2 & HCO3 are both out of range
* move in opposite directions (one goes ↑ & the other goes ↓)

36
Q

What are the 5 most common complications of diabetes?

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A
  • Stroke
  • Blindness
  • Heart disease
  • Kidney failure
  • Loss of limbs
37
Q

What is atelectasis?

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

Partial or full collapse of alveoli

38
Q

What is wasting syndrome?

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

lose 10% of their body weight
* Chronic diarrhea, weakness, & fever without cause

39
Q

What is pneumonia?

  • What should the nurse check for?
  • Who is most at risk?
  • What is the treatment?

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

Pneumonia = inflammation of the lungs (usually due to fluid in the lungs)

  • Check for SOB, crackles, rhonchi, & secretions
  • Common in long-term care facilities & long-term smokers
  • Tx: fluids, antipyretics, decongestants, anti-convulsants
40
Q

Most Notable Sign / Symptom of Tuberculosis (TB)

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

Red-tinged sputum

41
Q

What is Virchow’s Triad?

  • What does Virchow’s Triad indicate / mean?

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

1.) Venous Stasis
2.) Vessel Trauma
3.) Hypercoaguablity

  • Virchow’s Triad = individual is at increased risk of clot formation (pulmonary embolism)
42
Q

What are the 3 characteristics / signs that make up Virchow’s Triad?

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

1.) Venous Stasis
2.) Vessel Trauma
3.) Hypercoaguability

43
Q

What does it mean when someone has Virchow’s Triad?

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A

The individual has an increased risk of clot formation (Pulmonary embolism)

44
Q

What are the two classifications of COPD?

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A
  • Chronic Bronchitis (Blue Bloaters)
  • Emphysema (Pink Puffers)
45
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of chronic bronchitis?

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A
  • Cyanosis
  • Bloated
  • Mucous
  • Coughing up sputum
  • Edema
  • Respiratory acidosis
  • Hypercapnia
  • ↑ RR
  • ↑ SOB
46
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of emphysema?

KNOW THIS (Per Hayley)!!!

A
  • Pursed lip breathing
  • Barrel chest
  • Wheezing
  • Thin appearance
  • Increased mucous
  • Talking in short sentences (due to SOB)

Med Surg I - Exam 3 (17 decks)

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