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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of vertebra is this?

A

Thoracic

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2
Q

What is F? What are the superficial and deep layers of it?

A

Intervertebral disc

Superficial: annulus fibrosus

Deep: Nucleus Pulposus

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3
Q

What are the black arrows pointing to?

A

The three layers of the thoracolumbar fascia

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4
Q

Sympathetic nerves “flow out” from what vertebral segments?

A

Thoracolumbar

T1-L2

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5
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve pathways use how many neurons to reach the target tissue from the CNS?

A

2 neurons (ganglia can be in paravertebral ganglia or in the target tissue depending on the innervation)

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6
Q

What muscle attaches a vert transverse process to the transverse process directly superior?

A

Intertransfersarii

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7
Q

of thoracic SN pairs (how are they named)

A

12, named after the thoracic vert superior to it

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8
Q

of lumbar SN pairs (how are they named)

A

5, named after the lumbar vert superior to it

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9
Q

Rhomboid major and minor

Functions: ?

Attachments: ?

A

Rhomboid major and minor

Functions: retract the scapulae

Attachments: vertebral border of scapulae, spinous processes of upper thoracic vert.

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10
Q

Visceral pain axons for the pelvis follow what efferent pathways back to the CNS?

A

Visceral pain axons for the pelvis follow parasympathetic pathways back to the CNS.

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11
Q

Which hypaxial muscle is innervated by two different sources? What are those sources for motor/sensory?

A

Trapezius

Motor: CNXI

Sensory: Cervical plexus C3 & C4 (ventral rami)

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12
Q

Dorsal Column Pathway (Afferent Sensory)

Fine touch and proprioception sensations cross to the contralateral side to the 2nd order neuron at what section of the CNS? (fyi 3 neurons in tract)

A

In the medulla

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13
Q

What is hyperkyphosis?

A

Abnormal or exaggerated thoracic curvature

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14
Q

What do cervical vertebrae have INSTEAD of intertransverse ligaments?

A

Articular capsules of zygapophysial joints

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15
Q

What autonomic nerve pathway has its ganglia outside of the target tissue?

A

Sympathetic

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16
Q

The descenting aorta gives rise to what two segmental aas.?

A

Intercostal, Lumbar

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17
Q

A: what direction do these nerve pathways run and are they sensory/afferent or are they motor/efferent? B: what direction do these nerve pathways run and are they sensory/afferent or are they motor/efferent?

A

A: travel from PNS to brain, sensory/afferent B: travel from brain to PNS, motor/efferent

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18
Q

Trapezius

Functions:?

Attachments: ?

A

Trapezius

Functions: move head, neck, scapula, & clavicle

Attachments: occipital protuberance. nuchal ligament, spines of scapulae, spinous processes of vert.

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19
Q

What kind of vertebra is this?

A

Thoracic

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20
Q

Rotatores longus:

Origin: ?

Insertion: ?

A

Rotatores longus:

Origin: Transverse process of vertebrae

Insertion: spinous process of two vertebrae above

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21
Q

Flexion of the torso primarily occurs in which vertebral region?

A

Flexion primarily occurs in the lumbar region.

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22
Q

of sacral SN pairs (how are they named)

A

5, named after the sacral vert superior to it

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23
Q

End of spinal cord at birth vs. adulthood

A

Birth: ends at L3. Adulthood: ends L1-L2

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24
Q

What is hyperlordosis?

A

Abnormal or exaggerated lumbar curvature

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25
What is the end of the spinal cord?
conus medullaris
26
What is H?
Intervertebral foramen
27
of vertebrae in coccyx (fused)
4
28
The serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior do what to the ribs respectively?
Serratus posterior superior: //\\ elevates the ribs Serratus posterior inferior: \\// depresses the ribs
29
Corticospinal Pathway (Somatic Motor) Somatic motor nerves cross to the ipsilateral side via the 1st order neuron at what section of the CNS? (fyi 2 neurons in tract)
In the medulla oblongata
30
What ligament prevents hyperflexion of the cervical spine?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
31
What are D, E, and F?
D: Spinalis E: Longissimus F: Iliocostalis
32
The internal iliac aa gives rise to what segmental artery?
Lateral sacral aa
33
The somatic nervous system innervates what structures?
Somatic structures (ie. sensory and motor innervation of the structures of the body wall)
34
Are sensory nerve pathways in the SC ascending or descending?
Adcending (majority in posterior of sc)
35
What is A?
Supraspinous ligament
36
Which vertebra lines up with the scapular spine?
T3
37
Which vertebra lines up with the inferior scapular angle?
T7
38
The autonomic nervous system innervates what structures?
Visceral (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
39
The subclavian aa. gives rise to what three segmental aas.?
Vertebral, Ascending cervical, Deep cervical
40
The autonomic ns is made up of what three sub systems?
1. Sympathetic (motor) 2. Parasympathetic (motor) 3. Visceral Sensory
41
Spinothalamic Pathway (Afferent Sensory) Pain and temperature sensations cross to the contralateral side to the 2nd order neuron at what section of the CNS? (fyi 3 neurons in tract)
Within the spinal cord
42
The spinal cord connects to the brain via what two structures?
Medulla and Pons
43
The highest degree of axial rotation occurs at what cervical joint?
40-45 degrees of rotation occurs at the atlanto-axial joint
44
What kind of pathway is this? Somatic motor, somatic sensory, sympathetic, parasympathetic, visceral sensory?
Sympathetic (for abdominal and pelvic organs)
45
What is B?
Transverse process
46
Where are the veins that drain the spinal cord located and what veins do they connect to?
Internal vertebral veinous plexus in the epidural space. These drain into the segmental veins.
47
What is D?
Interspinous ligament
48
of coccygeal SN pairs (how are they named)
1, Co1
49
The vertebral artery travels through the transverse foramen of the C1-C6 vertebrae. What motion might cause impingement of this artery?
Rotation at the atlanto-axial joint can cause impingement of the vertebral artery.
50
The segmental spinal aas. arise from what three major arteries?
Subclavian, descending aorta, internal iliac artery
51
How many neurons are needed to connect the CNS to the target muscle?
One (from CNS to target muscle)
52
Rotatores brevis: Origin: ? Insertion: ?
Rotatores brevis Origin: transverse process of vertebrae Insertion: spinous process of one vertebra above
53
Are motor nerve pathways in the SC ascending or descending?
Descending (majority in anterior of sc)
54
How are the 14 spinal cord levels of the sympathetic pathway (T1-L2) supposed to innervate 31 different dermatomes?
The sympathetic trunk shares the preganglionic axons to the other levels.
55
Visceral pain axons for the thorax and abdomen follow what efferent pathways back to the CNS?
Visceral pain axons for the thorax and abdomen follow sympathetic pathways back to the CNS.
56
What kind of vertebra is this?
Cervical
57
What kind of vertebra is this?
Cervical
58
What G, H, and I?
G: Rotatores H: Multifidus I: Semispinalis
59
Approximately how thick are cervical, thoracic, and lumbar intervertebral discs? (in mm)
Cervical: 5mm Thoracic: 7mm Lumbar: 10mm
60
The nuchal ligament and the supraspinous ligament are separated by what?
Nothing. They are continuous.
61
The splenius capitus is _____ to the splenius cervicis.
superior | (capitus meaning cranium)
62
What kind of pathway is this? Somatic motor, somatic sensory, sympathetic, parasympathetic, visceral sensory?
Sympathetic (for thoracic organs)
63
What are the superior and inferior sites of attachment for the nuchal ligament?
Superior: external occipital protuberance Inferior: Spinous process of C7
64
Where do the S5 and Co1 SN pass through
sacral hiatus
65
What kind of vertebra is this?
Lumbar
66
What kind of outflow do parasympathetic nerves have?
Craniosacral Cranial Nerves III, VII, IX, X Sacral Nerves S2, S3, S4
67
What muscle is this?
Iliocostalis
68
Name the three erector spinae (superficial -\> deep)
Iliocostalis -\> Longissimus -\> Spinalis
69
Layers of the meninges (superficial -\> deep)
Dura (dense), Arachnoid (thin, avascular), Pia (rich blood supply)
70
Ribs articulate with what surface on which vertebrae?
Costal facet on thoracic vertebrae
71
When an intervertebral disc herniates, where does it usually herniate? What structure does it typically impinge?
Discs typically herniate posteriorly and impinge/compress a spinal nerve root.
72
Filum terminale externum is made of what?
All three maters, anchors dural sac in sacrum
73
Rotation of the trunk primarily occurs at which vertebral region?
Rotation primarily occurs in the thoracic region.
74
What autotomic nerve pathway has its ganglia within the target tissue?
Parasympathetic
75
What muscle is this?
Spinalis
76
What muscle is this?
Longissimus
77
How many neurons are needed to connect a somatic sensory nerve to the CNS?
One (from site of stimulus in PNS to CNS)
78
Which vertebrae have the largest bodies? Why?
Lumbar vertebrae have the largest bodies because they are under the greatest amount of strain.
79
of thoracic vertebrae?
12 (T1-T12)
80
Where is the recommended lumbar puncture area on an adult? Why?
Between L3 and L4. The conus medularis ends near L1.
81
What is I?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
82
What muscle is just deep to the splenius capitis and splenius cervisis?
Semispinalis capitis (attaches to transverse processes of vert and occipital surface)
83
Where are the two spinal cord enlargements
cervical (nerves for upper limbs) lumbar (nerves for lower limbs)
84
of cervical SN pairs (how are they named)
8, named after cervical vert directly inferior to it except for C8 (superior to T1)
85
What is E?
Inferior articular process
86
of cervical vertebrae?
7 (C1-C7)
87
Which vertebral concavity appears around 3 months and which appears around 6 months?
3 mo: Cervical Concavity 6 mo: Lumbar Concavity (Hint: do babies lift their head first or crawl first?)
88
What ligament prevents hyperextension of the cervical spine?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
89
What muscles are A, B, and C?
A: Serratus posterior B: Latissimus dorsi C: Trapezius
90
What is the difference between grey matter and white matter?
Grey: made of nerve cell bodies White: made of axons and myelin sheath
91
What kind of nerve is labeled with A and what structures are labeled with B & C?
A: Visceral Afferent Nerve B: Gray ramus communicans C: White ramus communicans
92
How many vert does each multifidus muscle span?
It varies from 2-4 vert. Runs from sacrum to cervical vert.
93
Visceral afferent (other than pain) axons for the thorax and abdomen are carried by what nerve?
Visceral afferent (other than pain) axons for the thorax and abdomen are carried by the Vagus nerve (CN X).
94
Latissimus dorsi Functions: ? Attachments: ?
Latissimus dorsi Functions: moves arms Attachments: humerus, thoracic & lumbar vert via thoracolumbar facia down to sacrum and iliac crest
95
What kind of vertebra is this?
Lumbar
96
Which vertebra lines up with the iliac crest?
L4
97
What is the triangle of Ausculation? What is it's significance?
Traingle area of less tissue just lateral to the trapezius. Can hear breathing sounds better due to less tissue.
98
Visceral afferent (other than pain) axons for the lower abdomen and pelvis are carried by what nerves?
Visceral afferent (other than pain) axons for the lower abdomen and pelvis are carried by pelvic splanchnic nerves.
99
Epidural Space, Subdural Space, Subarachnoid Space. What is in each?
Epidural: adipose tissue, internal venus plexus Subdural: potential space between dura and arachnoid Subarachnoid: spinal veins and arteries, CSF
100
What is C?
Ligamentum flavum
101
of lumbar vertebrae?
5 (L1-L5)
102
What is: extension of the pia mater that fuses with arachnoid mater and inner surface of dura mater. between spinal nerves
Denticulate ligament
103
What is G?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
104
sacral vertebrae? (fused)
5
105
Levator scapulae Functions: ? Attachments: ?
Levator scapulae Functions: elevate scapulae Attachments: superior angle of scapula, transverse processes of C1-C4
106
What arteries run longitudinally along the spinal cord and deep to the pia mater?
Anterior spinal artery (x1) & posterior spinal arteries (x2) (all three fed by segmental arteries)

Anatomy Exam 1 (7 decks)

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