Exam 1 Flashcards
What kind of vertebra is this?
Thoracic
What is F? What are the superficial and deep layers of it?
Intervertebral disc
Superficial: annulus fibrosus
Deep: Nucleus Pulposus
What are the black arrows pointing to?
The three layers of the thoracolumbar fascia
Sympathetic nerves “flow out” from what vertebral segments?
Thoracolumbar
T1-L2
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve pathways use how many neurons to reach the target tissue from the CNS?
2 neurons (ganglia can be in paravertebral ganglia or in the target tissue depending on the innervation)
What muscle attaches a vert transverse process to the transverse process directly superior?
Intertransfersarii
of thoracic SN pairs (how are they named)
12, named after the thoracic vert superior to it
of lumbar SN pairs (how are they named)
5, named after the lumbar vert superior to it
Rhomboid major and minor
Functions: ?
Attachments: ?
Rhomboid major and minor
Functions: retract the scapulae
Attachments: vertebral border of scapulae, spinous processes of upper thoracic vert.
Visceral pain axons for the pelvis follow what efferent pathways back to the CNS?
Visceral pain axons for the pelvis follow parasympathetic pathways back to the CNS.
Which hypaxial muscle is innervated by two different sources? What are those sources for motor/sensory?
Trapezius
Motor: CNXI
Sensory: Cervical plexus C3 & C4 (ventral rami)
Dorsal Column Pathway (Afferent Sensory)
Fine touch and proprioception sensations cross to the contralateral side to the 2nd order neuron at what section of the CNS? (fyi 3 neurons in tract)
In the medulla
What is hyperkyphosis?
Abnormal or exaggerated thoracic curvature
What do cervical vertebrae have INSTEAD of intertransverse ligaments?
Articular capsules of zygapophysial joints
What autonomic nerve pathway has its ganglia outside of the target tissue?
Sympathetic
The descenting aorta gives rise to what two segmental aas.?
Intercostal, Lumbar
A: what direction do these nerve pathways run and are they sensory/afferent or are they motor/efferent? B: what direction do these nerve pathways run and are they sensory/afferent or are they motor/efferent?
A: travel from PNS to brain, sensory/afferent B: travel from brain to PNS, motor/efferent
Trapezius
Functions:?
Attachments: ?
Trapezius
Functions: move head, neck, scapula, & clavicle
Attachments: occipital protuberance. nuchal ligament, spines of scapulae, spinous processes of vert.
What kind of vertebra is this?
Thoracic
Rotatores longus:
Origin: ?
Insertion: ?
Rotatores longus:
Origin: Transverse process of vertebrae
Insertion: spinous process of two vertebrae above
Flexion of the torso primarily occurs in which vertebral region?
Flexion primarily occurs in the lumbar region.
of sacral SN pairs (how are they named)
5, named after the sacral vert superior to it
End of spinal cord at birth vs. adulthood
Birth: ends at L3. Adulthood: ends L1-L2
What is hyperlordosis?
Abnormal or exaggerated lumbar curvature
What is the end of the spinal cord?
conus medullaris
What is H?
Intervertebral foramen
of vertebrae in coccyx (fused)
4
The serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior do what to the ribs respectively?
Serratus posterior superior: //\ elevates the ribs
Serratus posterior inferior: \// depresses the ribs
Corticospinal Pathway (Somatic Motor)
Somatic motor nerves cross to the ipsilateral side via the 1st order neuron at what section of the CNS? (fyi 2 neurons in tract)
In the medulla oblongata
What ligament prevents hyperflexion of the cervical spine?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
What are D, E, and F?
D: Spinalis
E: Longissimus
F: Iliocostalis
The internal iliac aa gives rise to what segmental artery?
Lateral sacral aa
The somatic nervous system innervates what structures?
Somatic structures (ie. sensory and motor innervation of the structures of the body wall)
Are sensory nerve pathways in the SC ascending or descending?
Adcending (majority in posterior of sc)
What is A?
Supraspinous ligament
Which vertebra lines up with the scapular spine?
T3
Which vertebra lines up with the inferior scapular angle?
T7
The autonomic nervous system innervates what structures?
Visceral (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
The subclavian aa. gives rise to what three segmental aas.?
Vertebral, Ascending cervical, Deep cervical
The autonomic ns is made up of what three sub systems?
- Sympathetic (motor)
- Parasympathetic (motor)
- Visceral Sensory
Spinothalamic Pathway (Afferent Sensory)
Pain and temperature sensations cross to the contralateral side to the 2nd order neuron at what section of the CNS? (fyi 3 neurons in tract)
Within the spinal cord
The spinal cord connects to the brain via what two structures?
Medulla and Pons
The highest degree of axial rotation occurs at what cervical joint?
40-45 degrees of rotation occurs at the atlanto-axial joint
What kind of pathway is this? Somatic motor, somatic sensory, sympathetic, parasympathetic, visceral sensory?
Sympathetic (for abdominal and pelvic organs)
What is B?
Transverse process
Where are the veins that drain the spinal cord located and what veins do they connect to?
Internal vertebral veinous plexus in the epidural space. These drain into the segmental veins.
What is D?
Interspinous ligament
of coccygeal SN pairs (how are they named)
1, Co1
The vertebral artery travels through the transverse foramen of the C1-C6 vertebrae. What motion might cause impingement of this artery?
Rotation at the atlanto-axial joint can cause impingement of the vertebral artery.
The segmental spinal aas. arise from what three major arteries?
Subclavian, descending aorta, internal iliac artery
How many neurons are needed to connect the CNS to the target muscle?
One (from CNS to target muscle)
Rotatores brevis:
Origin: ?
Insertion: ?
Rotatores brevis
Origin: transverse process of vertebrae
Insertion: spinous process of one vertebra above
Are motor nerve pathways in the SC ascending or descending?
Descending (majority in anterior of sc)
How are the 14 spinal cord levels of the sympathetic pathway (T1-L2) supposed to innervate 31 different dermatomes?
The sympathetic trunk shares the preganglionic axons to the other levels.
Visceral pain axons for the thorax and abdomen follow what efferent pathways back to the CNS?
Visceral pain axons for the thorax and abdomen follow sympathetic pathways back to the CNS.
What kind of vertebra is this?
Cervical
What kind of vertebra is this?
Cervical
What G, H, and I?
G: Rotatores
H: Multifidus
I: Semispinalis
Approximately how thick are cervical, thoracic, and lumbar intervertebral discs? (in mm)
Cervical: 5mm
Thoracic: 7mm
Lumbar: 10mm
The nuchal ligament and the supraspinous ligament are separated by what?
Nothing. They are continuous.
The splenius capitus is _____ to the splenius cervicis.
superior
(capitus meaning cranium)
What kind of pathway is this? Somatic motor, somatic sensory, sympathetic, parasympathetic, visceral sensory?
Sympathetic (for thoracic organs)
What are the superior and inferior sites of attachment for the nuchal ligament?
Superior: external occipital protuberance
Inferior: Spinous process of C7
Where do the S5 and Co1 SN pass through
sacral hiatus
What kind of vertebra is this?
Lumbar
What kind of outflow do parasympathetic nerves have?
Craniosacral
Cranial Nerves III, VII, IX, X
Sacral Nerves S2, S3, S4
What muscle is this?
Iliocostalis
Name the three erector spinae (superficial -> deep)
Iliocostalis -> Longissimus -> Spinalis
Layers of the meninges (superficial -> deep)
Dura (dense), Arachnoid (thin, avascular), Pia (rich blood supply)
Ribs articulate with what surface on which vertebrae?
Costal facet on thoracic vertebrae
When an intervertebral disc herniates, where does it usually herniate? What structure does it typically impinge?
Discs typically herniate posteriorly and impinge/compress a spinal nerve root.
Filum terminale externum is made of what?
All three maters, anchors dural sac in sacrum
Rotation of the trunk primarily occurs at which vertebral region?
Rotation primarily occurs in the thoracic region.
What autotomic nerve pathway has its ganglia within the target tissue?
Parasympathetic
What muscle is this?
Spinalis
What muscle is this?
Longissimus
How many neurons are needed to connect a somatic sensory nerve to the CNS?
One (from site of stimulus in PNS to CNS)
Which vertebrae have the largest bodies? Why?
Lumbar vertebrae have the largest bodies because they are under the greatest amount of strain.
of thoracic vertebrae?
12 (T1-T12)
Where is the recommended lumbar puncture area on an adult? Why?
Between L3 and L4. The conus medularis ends near L1.
What is I?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
What muscle is just deep to the splenius capitis and splenius cervisis?
Semispinalis capitis (attaches to transverse processes of vert and occipital surface)
Where are the two spinal cord enlargements
cervical (nerves for upper limbs) lumbar (nerves for lower limbs)
of cervical SN pairs (how are they named)
8, named after cervical vert directly inferior to it except for C8 (superior to T1)
What is E?
Inferior articular process
of cervical vertebrae?
7 (C1-C7)
Which vertebral concavity appears around 3 months and which appears around 6 months?
3 mo: Cervical Concavity
6 mo: Lumbar Concavity
(Hint: do babies lift their head first or crawl first?)
What ligament prevents hyperextension of the cervical spine?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
What muscles are A, B, and C?
A: Serratus posterior
B: Latissimus dorsi
C: Trapezius
What is the difference between grey matter and white matter?
Grey: made of nerve cell bodies
White: made of axons and myelin sheath
What kind of nerve is labeled with A and what structures are labeled with B & C?
A: Visceral Afferent Nerve
B: Gray ramus communicans
C: White ramus communicans
How many vert does each multifidus muscle span?
It varies from 2-4 vert. Runs from sacrum to cervical vert.
Visceral afferent (other than pain) axons for the thorax and abdomen are carried by what nerve?
Visceral afferent (other than pain) axons for the thorax and abdomen are carried by the Vagus nerve (CN X).
Latissimus dorsi
Functions: ?
Attachments: ?
Latissimus dorsi
Functions: moves arms
Attachments: humerus, thoracic & lumbar vert via thoracolumbar facia down to sacrum and iliac crest
What kind of vertebra is this?
Lumbar
Which vertebra lines up with the iliac crest?
L4
What is the triangle of Ausculation? What is it’s significance?
Traingle area of less tissue just lateral to the trapezius. Can hear breathing sounds better due to less tissue.
Visceral afferent (other than pain) axons for the lower abdomen and pelvis are carried by what nerves?
Visceral afferent (other than pain) axons for the lower abdomen and pelvis are carried by pelvic splanchnic nerves.
Epidural Space, Subdural Space, Subarachnoid Space. What is in each?
Epidural: adipose tissue, internal venus plexus Subdural: potential space between dura and arachnoid Subarachnoid: spinal veins and arteries, CSF
What is C?
Ligamentum flavum
of lumbar vertebrae?
5 (L1-L5)
What is: extension of the pia mater that fuses with arachnoid mater and inner surface of dura mater. between spinal nerves
Denticulate ligament
What is G?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
sacral vertebrae? (fused)
5
Levator scapulae
Functions: ?
Attachments: ?
Levator scapulae
Functions: elevate scapulae
Attachments: superior angle of scapula, transverse processes of C1-C4
What arteries run longitudinally along the spinal cord and deep to the pia mater?
Anterior spinal artery (x1) & posterior spinal arteries (x2) (all three fed by segmental arteries)
