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Anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomical position (or stance) of the human body?

A

Upright, face forward and palms facing forward

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2
Q

What kind of plane divides the body into equal right and left halves?

A

Midsagittal

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3
Q

What kind of plane divides the body into unequal right and left portions?

A

Parasagittal

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4
Q

What kind of plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?

A

Transverse or cross-section or axial

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5
Q

What kind of plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

A

Coronal or frontal

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6
Q

Know the nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity and some major superficial organs located in each.

A
  • Right hypochondriac (liver)
  • Epigastric (liver, gallbladder, stomach, large intestine)
  • Left hypochondriac (stomach, large intestine)
  • Right lumbar (small intestine, large intestine)
  • Umbilical (small intestine, large intestine)
  • Left lumbar (small intestine, large intestine)
  • Right iliac (small intestine, large intestine)
  • Hypogastric (small intestine, large intestine, appendix, bladder)
  • Left iliac (small intestine, large intestine)
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7
Q

Know the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity and some major superficial organs located in each.

A
  • Right upper quadrant (RUQ) - liver, gallbladder, stomach, large intestine, small intestine
  • Left upper quadrant (LUQ) - liver, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, spleen
  • Right lower quadrant (RLQ) - large intestine, appendix, small intestine, bladder
  • Left lower quadrant (LLQ) - large intestine, small intestine, bladder
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8
Q

Know the terms associated with the various parts of the body (anterior and posterior).

A

Example: nasal is nose, brachial is arm, popliteal is back of knee, etc.

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9
Q

Provide a description for each of these terms of relative position used by anatomists. Also know how to use these terms properly.

A
  • Superior vs Inferior: above vs below
  • Anterior vs Posterior: front vs back (also known as ventral vs dorsal)
  • Medial vs Lateral: close to midline vs to the side
  • Ipsilateral vs Contralateral: same side vs opposite sides
  • Proximal vs Distal: closer to trunk vs farther away from trunk
  • Superficial vs Deep: near surface of body vs deep within body
  • Prone vs Supine: face down vs face up
  • Peripheral: more correctly used instead of superficial when referring to nerves and blood vessels
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10
Q

To what does the axial portion of the body refer?

A

Trunk, neck, head

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11
Q

To what does the appendicular portion of the body refer?

A

upper limbs and lower limbs

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12
Q

Where are body cavities located?

A

In the axial portion of the body

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13
Q

What are the major anterior body cavities?

A

thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

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14
Q

What are the major posterior body cavities?

A

cranial, vertebral

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15
Q

What are the major cavities within the head?

A

Cranial, frontal sinuses, sphenoidal sinus, orbital, middle ear, nasal, oral

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16
Q

What are the thoracic membranes covering the organs in the thoracic cavity?

A

Visceral pleura cover lungs; visceral pericardium covers heart.

17
Q

What are the thoracic membranes lining the thoracic cavity?

A

Parietal pleura covers cavity around lungs; parietal pericardium covers cavity around heart or the mediastinum.

18
Q

What is the abdominopelvic membrane covering the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity called?

A

visceral peritoneum

19
Q

What is the abdominopelvic membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity called?

A

parietal peritoneum

20
Q

Both visceral and pleural membranes are serous membranes. What does this mean?

A

They both secrete a slippery serous fluid that fills the “cavity” between the two membranes in order to decrease friction and allow organs to slide around in their cavities.

21
Q

What are the four types of tissue which are found in all vertebrate animals?

A
  1. Connective
  2. Epithelial
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
22
Q

What is a tissue? Organ? Organ system? Organism?

A
  • Tissue: a group of similar cells performing a similar function
  • Organ: a group of tissues performing a specialized function
    • Examples are the stomach, lungs, and heart which are made up of several tissues each.
  • Organ system: a collection of several organs functioning together
    • Examples include:
      • The digestive system made up of these organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
      • The cardiovascular system made up of these organs: heart and blood vessels
      • The respiratory system made up of these organs: nasal cavity, throat, trachea, lungs
  • Organism: collection of organ systems that carry on life processes
    • Example is a human with the various organ systems that he or she needs to live, including the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine, urinary, etc.
23
Q

What are the four types of tissue and their major function(s)? Give an example.

A
  1. Epithelial: protects, secretes, absorbs, excretes, and filters
    - Examples are skin and lining of the digestive tract
  2. Connective: connects, supports, and transports
    - Example are tendons, bone, adipose (fat), and blood
  3. Muscular: contracts and relaxes to provide movement and produce heat
    - Examples are skeletal (voluntary) muscle, smooth (involuntary) muscle, and cardiac (heart) muscle.
  4. Nervous: conducts nervous impulses throughout the body or helps those that do
    - Examples are neurons and neuroglial cells.
24
Q

Name the types of epithelial tissue and their characteristics.

A
  • Simple squamous: single layer of flattened, irregularly-shaped cells connected to a basement membrane
  • Simple cuboidal: single layer of cube-shaped cells laying on a basement membrane
  • Simple columnar: single layer of column-shaped cells laying on a basement membrane
  • Pseudostratified columnar: single layer of column-shaped cells laying on a basement membrane
    • Appear to be two cell layers since the nuclei of the various cells may be close to the basement membrane or far away from the basement membrane
    • May have cilia and/or goblet cells
  • Stratified squamous: layers or strata of simple squamous cells, with only the bottom layer of cells laying on the basement membrane
    • Example is the epidermis of the skin.
25
Q

What three components are found in all connective tissue?

A
  1. Ground substance or matrix (noncellular)
  2. Protein fibers (collagen, reticular, or elastic)
  3. Specialized cells (fibroblasts and stem cells which produce new cells)
26
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue in vertebrates?

A
  1. Fibrous (can be loose, dense, or adipose)
  2. Supportive (can be cartilage or bone)
  3. Fluid (can be blood or lymph)
27
Q

What are the three types of muscular tissue in vertebrates?

A
  1. Skeletal (voluntary so we control its movement; attached to our bones)
  2. Smooth (involuntary so we don’t control its contractions; lines our digestive tract)
  3. Cardiac (involuntary so we don’t control its contractions; found in the heart)
28
Q

Nervous tissue is composed of cells called neurons. Describe the structure of a neuron. (Nervous tissue also has neuroglia, cells which support, protect and nourish the neurons.)

A
  • Have cell body with a distinct nucleus
  • Dendrites branch off the cell body
  • Axon which is covered with myelin sheath exits the cell body
29
Q

What are the organs of the integumentary system made?

A

cutaneous membranes

30
Q

Give the name and location of the four different kinds of membranes.

A
  1. Serous membranes: line body cavities that don’t open to the outside; secrete serous fluid
  2. Mucous membranes: line cavities and tubes opening to the outside; secrete mucus
  3. Synovial membranes: line joint cavities; secrete synovial fluid
  4. Cutaneous membranes: cover the body as skin
31
Q

What is the largest organ by weight?

A

skin

32
Q

Name the major functions of the integumentary system.

A
  • Protects the body from invading microorganisms (unless the skin is broken)
  • Prevents water loss from the body
  • Helps to regulate body temperature
  • Important in the synthesis of vitamin D
  • Has sensory receptors for touch, pain, pressure, and temperature
  • Excretes small quantities of wastes
33
Q

The integumentary system is composed of two distinct tissue layers. Name and describe them.

A
  1. Epidermis: the outermost layer of the skin; composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue; avascular (has no blood vessels)
  2. Dermis: the innermost layer of the skin; composed of connective tissue (collagen, elastin, adipose, blood), smooth muscle tissue, and nervous tissue
34
Q

How does the function of the epidermis differ from that of the dermis?

A

The epidermis protects the body, and the dermis nourishes the epidermis with its blood vessels.

Anatomy (12 decks)

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