exam 1 Flashcards
animal science
study of domestic animals
agriculture
practice of cultivating soil, growing crops, raising livestock, or preparing and marketing the resulting products
domesticate
to adapt an animal’s behavior and traits to fit the needs/desires of humans
breed
group of animals that resemble one another and pass similar traits to their offspring
animal contributions/roles
there are 12
- food
- byproducts
- body covering
- manure
- transportation and work
- service
- companionship
- currency
- conservation
- sports, recreation
- research
- religion
developed agriculture
<10% of population engaged in farming
highly mechanized
high per capita income and literacy rate
subsistence agriculture
1/2 population is farming
produce enough for consummation
little mechanization, mostly hand work or animal
low per capita income and literacy
primitive agriculture
almost entire population involved in farming
scarcity of food
no mechanization and low animal power
very low per capita income and literacy rate
how much protein to animals supply?
38.5%
5 freedoms for farm animals
- hunger and thirst
- discomfort
- pain, injury, or disease
- express normal behavior
- fear and distress
health
state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
disease
any state other than complete health
disease prevention
9 steps
- adequate water and diet
- appropriate environment
- allow expression of normal behavior
- minimize stress and mental suffering
- vaccinate
- deworm
- observe frequently
- maintain records
- testing and quarantine
Case/ disease work up (7)
- history
- observation
- physical examination
- differential diagnose
- diagnostic testing
- diagnosis
- plan: treatment and control
4 ways to check history
- signalment- species, age, sex, breed, stage of production
- clinical signs- symptoms
- onset of clinical signs - acute, chronic, subacute
- medical history- housing, diet, vaccination, family history, prior illnesses
contagious
capable of being transmitted form animal to animal
vector
organism that transmits an infectious agent from one animal to another
ex. mosquito and ticks
fomite
an inanimate object that can transmit infectious agents from one animal to another
ex. food dishes, feces, bedding
zoonotic diseases
transmitted between animals and humans
pathogen
any living, disease-producing agent
bacteria, virus, protozoa, parasite, fungus, prions
virulence/pathogenicity
ability of an organism to produce disease
resistance
natural ability of an animal to defend against pathogens, toxins, or irritants
non-specific (innate) immunity (4 barriers)
anatomic barriers
physiologic barriers
inflammatory barriers
phagocytic barriers
specific (adaptive) immunity
humoral immunity
cell-mediated immunity
anatomic barriers (2 types)
- skin/ cell layers
2. mucous membranes
physiologic barriers (3 types)
- pH
- temperature
- soluble factors
inflammatory barriers
tissue damge induces vasodilation, leakage of fluid from capillaries, entry of antibacterial protein and white blood cells
phagocytic barriers
specialized cells phagocytize, kill, and digest whole microorganisms
antigen
agent capable of binding to components of the immune system
which immunity is for long term protection?
innate or adaptive
adaptive
hallmarks of adaptive immunity (4)
- specific - only programmed for specific pathogens
- adaptable and diverse
- able to recognize self, non-self, and altered self
- has memory
B cells
made and acquire specificity in the bone marrow
becomes activated when it encounters its specific antigen
proliferates and differentiates to form effector (plasma) cells and memory B cells
plasma cells
short life span, secretes antibodies
memory B cells
long life span, continue to express membrane-bound antibodies with the same specificity
humor
body fluid
antibody titer
measures the level of antibodies in a blood sample
T cells
made in the bone marrow
can only recognized antigens that are being presented by other cells (cell-mediated immunity)
forms memory T cells and produce cytokines
memory T cells
long life span
continue to express membrane-bound receptors that specific for the antigen
cytokines
proteins secreted by T cells that signal other immune cells to act or directly cause cell death
Food safety and inspection
responsible for ensuring that the nation;s commercial supply of meat, poultry, and egg products is safe for human consumption
digestible
able to be broken down and absorbed
palatable
acceptable/ satisfactory to eat
mouth function (4)
- prehend the food
- initiate mechanical digestion
- initiate chemical digestion
- move food toward pharynx for swallowing
esophagus
muscular tube transports the food from mouth to the stomach
as the stomach expands, a fold of the stomach against the esophagus closes the lower end of the esophagus
small intestine
3 structures and 3 functions
Structure 1. duodenum 2. jejunum - longest part 3. ileum- shortest part Function 1. digest 2. transport food 3. absorb nutrients
pancreas
“L” shaped gland that sits in the abdomen along the stomach and beside the duodenum
Exocrine: functions of the pancreas (3)
- secrete substances through a duct to the outside
- enzymes for digestion of carbohydrates, lipids, and protein
- bicarbonate- neutralize or buffer incoming gastric acid
Endocrine: functions of pancreas (3)
- secrete substances or hormones into the bloodstream for systemic distribution
- insulin- stimulates glucose uptake by cells
- glucagon - stimulates glucose production and release from the liver
liver functions
- metabolic - make, store, and breakdown carbs, lipids and protein
- digestive - produce bile (break down fat)
- vascular
gallbladder
tucked between the liver and small intestine
storage site for bile
monogastric
1 stomach compartment
horses, rabbit
ruminant
4 stomach compartments
cattle, sheep, goats
large intestine structures (3)
- cecum- blind-ended pouch
- colon- longest part
- rectum- short, terminal segment of the digestive tract
Bio safety levels and describe them
1: little risk
2. can get sick but there is treatment.
3. inhaled organisms (respiratory equipment)
4. Not done in MA
Lab NoNos
mouth pipetting(not releasing in quick timing)
- loose hair
- cellphones
- earphones
- shorts
- eating/drinking
NIH guidlines for research on campus
personal protective equipment
- gloves
- respirator
- lab coat
- lab goggles
Bio Safety Cabinet
- Hepa filtered air
- not suitable for chemical research
- wear lab protective equipment
- do not block front
Bunsen burner
12 in circumference of bunsen burner has bacteria
OSHA bloodborne Pathogen Standard
-federal standard to protect workers that may be exposed to human materials that may have HIV, Hepatitis B and Hep C
-human blood
human tissues
human cell lines
Principles of Sterilization and Disinfection
- sterilizing: best
- disinfecting: better
- cleaning: good
sterilization
procedure that kills all microorganisms including high numbers of bacterial spores. can be accomplished by autoclaving
Disinfection
less lethal process than sterilization. Eliminates nearly all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms on inanimate objects
alcohols as a disinfectant
- 70% ethanol
- noncorrosive, residues
- however, volatile and flammable, NOT effective for blood spills
Chlorine as a disinfectant
-10% bleach
-effective for blood spills
-contact time of 10 min-30 for surfaces
-however it is corrosive, leaves residues,
-buy 5.25% concentration or higher
-code:E212145
(145= may 250
916=2016)
Disposing liquid biological waste
autoclave or chemical disinfection
disposing sharp biological waste
sharps container (incineration)
disposing solid biological waste
autoclave or biowaste box
Autoclaving
to achieve sterilization by steam.
- 60 min
- 121 degrees C
- add 50-100 ml of H2O in clear autoclave bag.
Large intestine functions
- absorb water
-absorb vitamins
-store fecal matter
-secrete mucus
-transport fecal matter
(also in monogastric herbivores: absorb nutrients to perform fermentation)
rectum
last part of large intestine
-mucus-secreting glands that lubricate and aid the passage of contents
Anus
terminal opening of the GIT (gastrointestinal tract)
- internal sphincter (unconscious control)
- externam sphincter (voluntary control)
Beak/mouth (avian)
tongue moves feed to the pharynx for swallowing
Crop (avian)
out pocketing of the esophagus; feed and water stored in crop until remainder of digestive tract is ready to receive more food
-when almost empty, crop sends signals to brain for more food consumption
Proventriculus (avian)
“True stomach”
- digestive enzymes
- hydrochloric acid
- pH 4
Gizzard/Ventriculus (Avian)
muscular mechanical stomach that grinds, crushes, and mixes feed with digestive juices
small intestines (avian)
duodenum, jejunum, Ileum
Ceca (avian)
- called ceca instead of cecum because birds have 2
- blind pouches at the junction of small + large intestine
- size differs with species and diet
Ceca (avian) functions
It reabsorbs water, ferments coarse feed and produces vitamin B
Large intestine/colon (avian)
reabsorbs water
Cloaca/vent
common orifice for waste elimination (feces and urates), copulation, and egg laying in the females
FERMENTATION
enzymatic breakdown of energy-rich compounds in an anaerobic environment
What kind of fermenter are ruminants and how do they do it?
- Foregut fermenters
- They have microbial populations living in the first 3 stomach compartments and they ferment the feed.
ruminants Oral Cavity
- Dental Pad
- Teeth
- Salivary Glands(produce 100-150 liters of saliva/day
-lubricate feed
provide liquid for the bacterial and protozoal population
-buffer the rumen (pH 6.2-6.7)
rumination
chewing cud
eructation
burping fermentation in the ruminant stomach chambers produces gases (cow=30-50L/hr) (sheep= 5 L/hr) which must be expelled by burping (1-2x/min)
Forestomach
- Reticulum (2-5 gall)
- Rumen (40-60 gall)
- Omasum(4-15 gall)
True Stomach
- Abomasum(4-7 gall)
Cow stomach
4 chambers that fill 75% of ruminant abdomen
reticulum
smallest 1st compartment
- located just below the esophagus
- lining composed of honeycomb arrangement of folds
- separated from the rumen by the ruminoreticular fold
Rumen
Largest compartment
- fills the entire left side of the abdomen
- warm (100-108 degrees F)
- pH 5.8 to 6.4
- ideal environment for microorganisms (150 billion per teaspoon
FERMENTATION
enzymatic breakdown of energy rich compound in an anaerobic environment
types of Volatile fatty Acids (VFAs)
acetic acid, butyric acid, propionic acid
Volatile fatty Acids (VFAs) how they are absorbed and how they contribute.
absorbed through rumen wall into the bloodstream or they pass though the rumen for absorption in the omasum or abomasum
- converted to glucose, adipose tissue, milk fat
- MAY PROVIDE AS 50-70% OF RUMINANTS TOTAL ENERGY NEEDS
What vitamins do Microbes produce for ruminants?
B-complex vitamins and vitamin K
Omasum
Right side of abdomen.
-looks like globe with internal parallel muscular folds
Omasum function
absorb water, bicarbonate ions, remaining VFA’s from the feed
Abomasum
True stomach
-located below and behind the omasum on the RIGHT side of abdomen
Nursing
stimulates contraction of esophageal groove which allows milk to bypass the reticulum and rumen and go directly though the omasum into the abomasum
Nutrition
study of how the body uses nutrients in feed to sustain life and for productive purposes
6 Nutrients necessary for life
- water
- carbs.
- lipids
- proteins
- vitamins
- minerals
Ration/diet based on
growth maintenance fattening production reproduction work geriatric
BALANCED RATION
diet contains all the nutrients an animal needs in the right proportions and amounts
Carbohydrates
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
-Major energy source
Lipids
- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
- easy to digest
- source of essential fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins
Proteins
MAIN DIFFERENCE IS NITROGEN; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, +- iron, phosphorous, sulfer
Minerals
Elements other than C H N O
- macrominerals
- microminerals
Macromineral examples
- calcium
- phosphorous
- magnesium
- sodium
- potassium
Microminerals
- copper
- iron
- selenium
- zinc
- cobalt
- fluorine
- iodine
Vitamins
organic nutrients needed in very small amounts for specific functions
Fat-soluble vitamins
A: pigment in retina
D: sun
E: antioxidant
K: clotting
Fat-soluble vitamins; provided in diet yes or no?
YES; needed to be suppied in diet for all species except vitamin D (ruminants do not need to consume Vit K-microbes produce it)
Water-soluble vitamins
- Vit. C: aid teeth/bone formation
- B-complex vitamins: involved in chemical rxns, improve appetite and growth
*Water-soluble vitamins in ruminants
microbes supply all water-soluble vitamins, except for Vit. C and Choline. Choline is produced in the liver of ruminants
*Water-soluble vitamins in horses
microbes in the cecum produce B vitamins
Ration/Diet Formulation
- species
- age
- weight
- stage and level of production
- nutrient requirements
Nutrient Requirements
National research council (NRC)
- universities
- private publications
Converst DM wight of feed to “as-fed” weight
desired weight of feed/Actual DM of feed=Actual weight of feed
Crude Protein
determined by the Kjeldahm process which isolates and measures all the nitrogen in the feed
Crude protein equation
CrudeProtein= total nitrogen times 6.25
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
A monetary measure of the market value of all final goods and services produced in a period of time
