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exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

animal science

A

study of domestic animals

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2
Q

agriculture

A

practice of cultivating soil, growing crops, raising livestock, or preparing and marketing the resulting products

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3
Q

domesticate

A

to adapt an animal’s behavior and traits to fit the needs/desires of humans

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4
Q

breed

A

group of animals that resemble one another and pass similar traits to their offspring

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5
Q

animal contributions/roles

there are 12

A
  1. food
  2. byproducts
  3. body covering
  4. manure
  5. transportation and work
  6. service
  7. companionship
  8. currency
  9. conservation
  10. sports, recreation
  11. research
  12. religion
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6
Q

developed agriculture

A

<10% of population engaged in farming
highly mechanized
high per capita income and literacy rate

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7
Q

subsistence agriculture

A

1/2 population is farming
produce enough for consummation
little mechanization, mostly hand work or animal
low per capita income and literacy

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8
Q

primitive agriculture

A

almost entire population involved in farming
scarcity of food
no mechanization and low animal power
very low per capita income and literacy rate

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9
Q

how much protein to animals supply?

A

38.5%

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10
Q

5 freedoms for farm animals

A
  1. hunger and thirst
  2. discomfort
  3. pain, injury, or disease
  4. express normal behavior
  5. fear and distress
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11
Q

health

A

state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

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12
Q

disease

A

any state other than complete health

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13
Q

disease prevention

9 steps

A
  1. adequate water and diet
  2. appropriate environment
  3. allow expression of normal behavior
  4. minimize stress and mental suffering
  5. vaccinate
  6. deworm
  7. observe frequently
  8. maintain records
  9. testing and quarantine
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14
Q

Case/ disease work up (7)

A
  1. history
  2. observation
  3. physical examination
  4. differential diagnose
  5. diagnostic testing
  6. diagnosis
  7. plan: treatment and control
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15
Q

4 ways to check history

A
  1. signalment- species, age, sex, breed, stage of production
  2. clinical signs- symptoms
  3. onset of clinical signs - acute, chronic, subacute
  4. medical history- housing, diet, vaccination, family history, prior illnesses
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16
Q

contagious

A

capable of being transmitted form animal to animal

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17
Q

vector

A

organism that transmits an infectious agent from one animal to another
ex. mosquito and ticks

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18
Q

fomite

A

an inanimate object that can transmit infectious agents from one animal to another
ex. food dishes, feces, bedding

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19
Q

zoonotic diseases

A

transmitted between animals and humans

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20
Q

pathogen

A

any living, disease-producing agent

bacteria, virus, protozoa, parasite, fungus, prions

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21
Q

virulence/pathogenicity

A

ability of an organism to produce disease

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22
Q

resistance

A

natural ability of an animal to defend against pathogens, toxins, or irritants

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23
Q

non-specific (innate) immunity (4 barriers)

A

anatomic barriers
physiologic barriers
inflammatory barriers
phagocytic barriers

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24
Q

specific (adaptive) immunity

A

humoral immunity

cell-mediated immunity

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25
Q 
anatomic barriers
(2 types)
A
  1. skin/ cell layers

2. mucous membranes

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26
Q 
physiologic barriers
(3 types)
A
  1. pH
  2. temperature
  3. soluble factors
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27
Q

inflammatory barriers

A

tissue damge induces vasodilation, leakage of fluid from capillaries, entry of antibacterial protein and white blood cells

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28
Q

phagocytic barriers

A

specialized cells phagocytize, kill, and digest whole microorganisms

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29
Q

antigen

A

agent capable of binding to components of the immune system

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30
Q

which immunity is for long term protection?

innate or adaptive

A

adaptive

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31
Q

hallmarks of adaptive immunity (4)

A
  1. specific - only programmed for specific pathogens
  2. adaptable and diverse
  3. able to recognize self, non-self, and altered self
  4. has memory
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32
Q

B cells

A

made and acquire specificity in the bone marrow
becomes activated when it encounters its specific antigen
proliferates and differentiates to form effector (plasma) cells and memory B cells

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33
Q

plasma cells

A

short life span, secretes antibodies

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34
Q

memory B cells

A

long life span, continue to express membrane-bound antibodies with the same specificity

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35
Q

humor

A

body fluid

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36
Q

antibody titer

A

measures the level of antibodies in a blood sample

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37
Q

T cells

A

made in the bone marrow
can only recognized antigens that are being presented by other cells (cell-mediated immunity)
forms memory T cells and produce cytokines

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38
Q

memory T cells

A

long life span

continue to express membrane-bound receptors that specific for the antigen

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39
Q

cytokines

A

proteins secreted by T cells that signal other immune cells to act or directly cause cell death

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40
Q

Food safety and inspection

A

responsible for ensuring that the nation;s commercial supply of meat, poultry, and egg products is safe for human consumption

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41
Q

digestible

A

able to be broken down and absorbed

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42
Q

palatable

A

acceptable/ satisfactory to eat

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43
Q

mouth function (4)

A
  1. prehend the food
  2. initiate mechanical digestion
  3. initiate chemical digestion
  4. move food toward pharynx for swallowing
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44
Q

esophagus

A

muscular tube transports the food from mouth to the stomach

as the stomach expands, a fold of the stomach against the esophagus closes the lower end of the esophagus

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45
Q

small intestine

3 structures and 3 functions

A 
Structure
1. duodenum
2. jejunum - longest part
3. ileum- shortest part
Function
1. digest
2. transport food
3. absorb nutrients
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46
Q

pancreas

A

“L” shaped gland that sits in the abdomen along the stomach and beside the duodenum

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47
Q

Exocrine: functions of the pancreas (3)

A
  1. secrete substances through a duct to the outside
  2. enzymes for digestion of carbohydrates, lipids, and protein
  3. bicarbonate- neutralize or buffer incoming gastric acid
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48
Q

Endocrine: functions of pancreas (3)

A
  1. secrete substances or hormones into the bloodstream for systemic distribution
  2. insulin- stimulates glucose uptake by cells
  3. glucagon - stimulates glucose production and release from the liver
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49
Q

liver functions

A
  1. metabolic - make, store, and breakdown carbs, lipids and protein
  2. digestive - produce bile (break down fat)
  3. vascular
50
Q

gallbladder

A

tucked between the liver and small intestine

storage site for bile

51
Q

monogastric

A

1 stomach compartment

horses, rabbit

52
Q

ruminant

A

4 stomach compartments

cattle, sheep, goats

53
Q

large intestine structures (3)

A
  1. cecum- blind-ended pouch
  2. colon- longest part
  3. rectum- short, terminal segment of the digestive tract
54
Q

Bio safety levels and describe them

A

1: little risk
2. can get sick but there is treatment.
3. inhaled organisms (respiratory equipment)
4. Not done in MA

55
Q

Lab NoNos

A

mouth pipetting(not releasing in quick timing)

  • loose hair
  • cellphones
  • earphones
  • shorts
  • eating/drinking
56
Q

NIH guidlines for research on campus

A

personal protective equipment

  • gloves
  • respirator
  • lab coat
  • lab goggles
57
Q

Bio Safety Cabinet

A
  • Hepa filtered air
  • not suitable for chemical research
  • wear lab protective equipment
  • do not block front
58
Q

Bunsen burner

A

12 in circumference of bunsen burner has bacteria

59
Q

OSHA bloodborne Pathogen Standard

A

-federal standard to protect workers that may be exposed to human materials that may have HIV, Hepatitis B and Hep C
-human blood
human tissues
human cell lines

60
Q

Principles of Sterilization and Disinfection

A
  • sterilizing: best
  • disinfecting: better
  • cleaning: good
61
Q

sterilization

A

procedure that kills all microorganisms including high numbers of bacterial spores. can be accomplished by autoclaving

62
Q

Disinfection

A

less lethal process than sterilization. Eliminates nearly all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms on inanimate objects

63
Q

alcohols as a disinfectant

A
  • 70% ethanol
  • noncorrosive, residues
  • however, volatile and flammable, NOT effective for blood spills
64
Q

Chlorine as a disinfectant

A

-10% bleach
-effective for blood spills
-contact time of 10 min-30 for surfaces
-however it is corrosive, leaves residues,
-buy 5.25% concentration or higher
-code:E212145
(145= may 250
916=2016)

65
Q

Disposing liquid biological waste

A

autoclave or chemical disinfection

66
Q

disposing sharp biological waste

A

sharps container (incineration)

67
Q

disposing solid biological waste

A

autoclave or biowaste box

68
Q

Autoclaving

A

to achieve sterilization by steam.

  • 60 min
  • 121 degrees C
  • add 50-100 ml of H2O in clear autoclave bag.
69
Q

Large intestine functions

A
  • absorb water
    -absorb vitamins
    -store fecal matter
    -secrete mucus
    -transport fecal matter
    (also in monogastric herbivores: absorb nutrients to perform fermentation)
70
Q

rectum

A

last part of large intestine

-mucus-secreting glands that lubricate and aid the passage of contents

71
Q

Anus

A

terminal opening of the GIT (gastrointestinal tract)

  • internal sphincter (unconscious control)
  • externam sphincter (voluntary control)
72
Q

Beak/mouth (avian)

A

tongue moves feed to the pharynx for swallowing

73
Q

Crop (avian)

A

out pocketing of the esophagus; feed and water stored in crop until remainder of digestive tract is ready to receive more food
-when almost empty, crop sends signals to brain for more food consumption

74
Q

Proventriculus (avian)

A

“True stomach”

  • digestive enzymes
  • hydrochloric acid
  • pH 4
75
Q

Gizzard/Ventriculus (Avian)

A

muscular mechanical stomach that grinds, crushes, and mixes feed with digestive juices

76
Q

small intestines (avian)

A

duodenum, jejunum, Ileum

77
Q

Ceca (avian)

A
  • called ceca instead of cecum because birds have 2
  • blind pouches at the junction of small + large intestine
  • size differs with species and diet
78
Q

Ceca (avian) functions

A

It reabsorbs water, ferments coarse feed and produces vitamin B

79
Q

Large intestine/colon (avian)

A

reabsorbs water

80
Q

Cloaca/vent

A

common orifice for waste elimination (feces and urates), copulation, and egg laying in the females

81
Q

FERMENTATION

A

enzymatic breakdown of energy-rich compounds in an anaerobic environment

82
Q

What kind of fermenter are ruminants and how do they do it?

A
  • Foregut fermenters

- They have microbial populations living in the first 3 stomach compartments and they ferment the feed.

83
Q

ruminants Oral Cavity

A
  1. Dental Pad
  2. Teeth
  3. Salivary Glands(produce 100-150 liters of saliva/day
    -lubricate feed
    provide liquid for the bacterial and protozoal population
    -buffer the rumen (pH 6.2-6.7)
84
Q

rumination

A

chewing cud

85
Q

eructation

A

burping fermentation in the ruminant stomach chambers produces gases (cow=30-50L/hr) (sheep= 5 L/hr) which must be expelled by burping (1-2x/min)

86
Q

Forestomach

A
  1. Reticulum (2-5 gall)
  2. Rumen (40-60 gall)
  3. Omasum(4-15 gall)
87
Q

True Stomach

A
  1. Abomasum(4-7 gall)
88
Q

Cow stomach

A

4 chambers that fill 75% of ruminant abdomen

89
Q

reticulum

A

smallest 1st compartment

  • located just below the esophagus
  • lining composed of honeycomb arrangement of folds
  • separated from the rumen by the ruminoreticular fold
90
Q

Rumen

A

Largest compartment

  • fills the entire left side of the abdomen
  • warm (100-108 degrees F)
  • pH 5.8 to 6.4
  • ideal environment for microorganisms (150 billion per teaspoon
91
Q

FERMENTATION

A

enzymatic breakdown of energy rich compound in an anaerobic environment

92
Q

types of Volatile fatty Acids (VFAs)

A

acetic acid, butyric acid, propionic acid

93
Q

Volatile fatty Acids (VFAs) how they are absorbed and how they contribute.

A

absorbed through rumen wall into the bloodstream or they pass though the rumen for absorption in the omasum or abomasum

  • converted to glucose, adipose tissue, milk fat
  • MAY PROVIDE AS 50-70% OF RUMINANTS TOTAL ENERGY NEEDS
94
Q

What vitamins do Microbes produce for ruminants?

A

B-complex vitamins and vitamin K

95
Q

Omasum

A

Right side of abdomen.

-looks like globe with internal parallel muscular folds

96
Q

Omasum function

A

absorb water, bicarbonate ions, remaining VFA’s from the feed

97
Q

Abomasum

A

True stomach

-located below and behind the omasum on the RIGHT side of abdomen

98
Q

Nursing

A

stimulates contraction of esophageal groove which allows milk to bypass the reticulum and rumen and go directly though the omasum into the abomasum

99
Q

Nutrition

A

study of how the body uses nutrients in feed to sustain life and for productive purposes

100
Q

6 Nutrients necessary for life

A
  1. water
  2. carbs.
  3. lipids
  4. proteins
  5. vitamins
  6. minerals
101
Q

Ration/diet based on

A 
growth
maintenance
fattening
production
reproduction
work
geriatric
102
Q

BALANCED RATION

A

diet contains all the nutrients an animal needs in the right proportions and amounts

103
Q

Carbohydrates

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

-Major energy source

104
Q

Lipids

A
  • carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
  • easy to digest
  • source of essential fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins
105
Q

Proteins

A

MAIN DIFFERENCE IS NITROGEN; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, +- iron, phosphorous, sulfer

106
Q

Minerals

A

Elements other than C H N O

  • macrominerals
  • microminerals
107
Q

Macromineral examples

A
  • calcium
  • phosphorous
  • magnesium
  • sodium
  • potassium
108
Q

Microminerals

A
  • copper
  • iron
  • selenium
  • zinc
  • cobalt
  • fluorine
  • iodine
109
Q

Vitamins

A

organic nutrients needed in very small amounts for specific functions

110
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

A: pigment in retina
D: sun
E: antioxidant
K: clotting

111
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins; provided in diet yes or no?

A

YES; needed to be suppied in diet for all species except vitamin D (ruminants do not need to consume Vit K-microbes produce it)

112
Q

Water-soluble vitamins

A
  • Vit. C: aid teeth/bone formation

- B-complex vitamins: involved in chemical rxns, improve appetite and growth

113
Q

*Water-soluble vitamins in ruminants

A

microbes supply all water-soluble vitamins, except for Vit. C and Choline. Choline is produced in the liver of ruminants

114
Q

*Water-soluble vitamins in horses

A

microbes in the cecum produce B vitamins

115
Q

Ration/Diet Formulation

A
  1. species
  2. age
  3. weight
  4. stage and level of production
  5. nutrient requirements
116
Q

Nutrient Requirements

A

National research council (NRC)

  • universities
  • private publications
117
Q

Converst DM wight of feed to “as-fed” weight

A

desired weight of feed/Actual DM of feed=Actual weight of feed

118
Q

Crude Protein

A

determined by the Kjeldahm process which isolates and measures all the nitrogen in the feed

119
Q

Crude protein equation

A

CrudeProtein= total nitrogen times 6.25

120
Q

GDP

A

Gross Domestic Product

A monetary measure of the market value of all final goods and services produced in a period of time

anisci 101 (14 decks)

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