10. laboratory animals Flashcards

1
Q

how many animals are used per year?

A
dog- ~60k
cats- ~21k
rabbits- ~150k
guinea pigs- ~170k
hamster- ~122k
non-human primates (NHP)- ~58k
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2
Q

most research are painful to animals.

True or false

A

false

94% of research are not painful

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3
Q

what is non-painful research

A

either the animal is not exposed to painful procedures or pain-relieving drugs are given

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4
Q

what is the life expectancy of humans born in 2013?

A

79 years

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5
Q

what are some benefits to humans from animal research?

A
  1. Immunization/Vaccines
  2. Antibiotics
  3. Anesthetics & Analgesics
  4. Chemotherapy
  5. Organ Transplants
  6. Surgical Procedures
  7. Insulin for Diabetics
  8. High Blood Pressure Medication
  9. Cataract Surgery
  10. Allergy Treatments
  11. Arthritis Treatments
  12. MS & MD Treatments
  13. Dental Treatments
  14. Joint Replacements
  15. ETC.
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6
Q

what are some benefits to animals from animal research?

A
  1. Immunization/Vaccines
  2. Antibiotics
  3. Anesthetics & Analgesics
  4. Chemotherapy
  5. Organ Transplants
  6. Surgical Procedures
  7. Parasite Treatments
  8. Artificial Insemination
  9. Embryo Transfer Techniques
  10. Better Nutrition in Pet Foods
  11. Pet heart disease treatments
  12. Joint Replacement in Hip Dysplasia
  13. Genetic Research for Inherited
    Diseases in Purebred Animals
  14. ETC
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7
Q

which animal is the most economical and easiest to use first?

A

mouse

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8
Q

animal species model selection

A
  1. Most economical and easiest to use first
  2. Choose species best characterized for a specific disease
  3. Choose availability of genetically altered animals
  4. Sample size requirements
  5. Surgical Manipulations
    (Size & physiological similarity to humans)
  6. Simulates specific disease state in humans
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9
Q

what are some animal models?

A
  1. Mice
  2. Rats
  3. Gerbils
  4. Hamsters
  5. Guinea Pigs
  6. Rabbits
  7. Cats
  8. Dogs
  9. Non-Human Primates
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10
Q

product safety tests

A

everything that goes in or on you must be proven safe by the FDA

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11
Q

what does “Not tested on animals” mean?

A

only the content of that bottle was not tested on animals

the chemical itself had to be tested to be considered safe

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12
Q

what are some tests used for product safety?

A
  1. toxicology test- draize test, skin irritancy
  2. Teratology Tests—products that cause birth defects
  3. Mutagenicity Tests—products that cause genetic mutations
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13
Q

FDA origin

A

came about in 1938 because of eyelash dye (blindness and death) and cough medicine (death)

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14
Q

animal welfare act definition of “animal”

A

“Any live or dead dog, cat, non-human primate,
guinea pig, hamster, rabbit used for research,
testing, experimentation, exhibition or as a pet.”
(Excludes mice, rats, birds and farm animals.)

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15
Q

Public Health Service Act definition of “animal”

A

“Any living vertebrate animal.”

Includes mice, rats, birds and farm animals.

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16
Q

Russell & Burch’s “3R’s” of research and testing

A
  1. Refinement: -minimize or prevent distress
    -reduce pain and suffering
    -i.e. anesthesia & analgesia
  2. Reduction: -reduce the number of animals used
    -use healthier animals to start with
    -use a transgenic line
    (instead of making an inbred line)
  3. Replacement: -alternatives to using animals
    -initial cell and tissue cultures
    -computer models
17
Q

Alternatives to Animals in Research

A
  1. Non-mammalian Vertebrates—frogs, fish, reptiles
  2. Invertebrates—insects
  3. Microorganisms
  4. Cell and tissue cultures
  5. Human tissue—removed at surgery, biopsy, autopsy
  6. Mathematical models
  7. Computer models
  8. Simulation models—animal replica models
  9. Videotapes
18
Q

what is alternatives?

A

describes non-animal methods

usually used alongside animal studies, not instead of them

19
Q

“The Guide”

A
  1. purpose of the Guide is to assist institutions in caring
    for and using animals in ways judged to be scientifically,
    technically and humanely appropriate.
  2. Also to assist researchers in planning and conducting
    animal experiments that meet with the highest scientific,
    humane and ethical principles.
  3. These recommendations are based on published data,
    scientific principles, expert opinions and experience with
    practices that have proved to be consistent with high
    quality, humane animal care.
20
Q

IACUC

A

Institutional Animal Care
and Use Committee
Any institution receiving government funding must establish an
IACUC
1. Inspect and assure that the animal research facilities and equipment meet
acceptable standards. (At least every 6 months)
2. Evaluation of the animal programs, to make sure that the animals are being
properly handled and cared for by adequately trained and qualified personnel.
3. Submission of reports to institutional officials. After a facility inspection, a written
report must be signed by a majority of the IACUC on the status of animal care.
4. Review proposed protocols for activities involving the use of animals in research,
testing and teaching. Protocols MUST be approved by the IACUC BEFORE any
animal use begins.

21
Q

protocol

A

A protocol is a form filled out by the researcher for an intended experiment using animals that must be
evaluated prior to conducting animal research. (reviewed 1/mo.)

22
Q

topics included in the protocol

A
  1. Rationale and proposed use of animals.
  2. Justification of species and the number of animals needed.
  3. Evaluation of alternatives to animal use.
  4. Adequacy and training of personnel in procedures.
  5. Special housing or husbandry requirements.
  6. Appropriate sedation, analgesia and anesthesia.
  7. Literature review to prevent unnecessary duplication of experiments. (stated)
  8. Use of multiple major operative procedures.
  9. Criteria and process for timely intervention and removal of an animal from a study.
  10. Post-procedural care of animals.
  11. Method of euthanasia.
  12. Safety of working environment for personnel.
23
Q

AALAS

A

American Association for Laboratory
Animal Science

AALAS is an association of professional people and institutions
concerned with the production, care and study of laboratory animals.

24
Q

3 levels of certications of AALAS

A
  1. Assistant lab animal technician (ALAT)
  2. Lab animal technician (LAT)
  3. Lab animal technologist (LATg)
25
Q

Housing of Research animals

A

Microenvironment - primary enclosure; cage
Macroenvironment – secondary enclosure: room
there are specific space requirements for animals based on species, size and breeding status

26
Q

How can environments vary in the same room?

A
  1. Cages near the ceiling are warmer than cages near floor.
  2. Cage near the ceiling have stronger light than cages near floor.
  3. Ventilation is better in upper cages than cages near floor.
    (10-15 complete air changes/room/hour is the standard)
27
Q

Animal husbandry

A

care of animals
1. Food - Animals should be fed palatable, non-contaminated and nutritionally
adequate food daily (unless on nutrition studies). Commercially available feeds
satisfy these needs.
Milling dates on food bags – know manufacture date and shelf life of food
(food becomes deficient in nutrients after recommended shelf life)
What about food with Vitamin C – storage and shelf life=3 months
2. Water must be clean and potable and available at all times.
(may need filters on taps, depending on location and water hardness)
3. Bedding should keep animals dry between cage changes, and allow for nest
building or burrowing, if applicable for the species
4. Sanitation – cage cleaning, room cleaning, and quality control
Have a schedule to keep everything clean and minimize odors.

28
Q

Veterinary Medical Care

A

A vet care program must be established by the
institution’s vet who is experienced in laboratory animal
medicine.
This program should consist of:
1. Assessment of animal well being
2. Preventive medicine
3. Diagnosis, treatment and control of diseases
4. Anesthesia and analgesia
5. Surgery and post-surgical care.
6. Euthanasia

29
Q

Acquiring Animals for Research

A

All animals used in research must be acquired lawfully.
1. USDA Class A Dealers of Dogs and Cats
Deal with animals bred specifically for research.
These animals are used for long term studies.

  1. USDA Class B Dealers of Dogs and Cats
    Deal with animals from random sources.
    These animals are used for short term studies.
30
Q

Pet Theft Myth

A

Myth: Pets are stolen and used in research. (Animal rights propaganda.)

Truth: IT IS A FEDERAL OFFENSE TO SELL STOLEN PETS TO RESEARCH FACILITIES!

31
Q

enivonment enrichment

A

The alteration of an animal’s
microenvironment to provide them with the opportunity to perform
species-specific behavior that we perceive as positive while reducing
abnormal behavior.