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anisci 101 > 11. reproduction > Flashcards

11. reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

reproduction

A

required for propagation and continuation of a species

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2
Q

hernia

A

when an organ moves to another location

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3
Q

what organs control the reproductive hormones?

A

brain and gonads

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4
Q

which parts of the brain control the hormones?

A

hypothalamus

anterior pituitary gland

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5
Q

what does hypothalamus release?

A

GnRH= gonadotropin-releasing hormone

pulses 3 hours

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6
Q

what does the anterior pituitary gland release?

A 
LH = luteinizing hormone (pulse 4-8 hours) - activate the interstitial cells
FSH = Follicle-stimulating hormone (pulse 4-8 hours)
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7
Q

Male Reproductive System -

Functions

A
  1. Produce hormones
  2. Produce spermatozoa
  3. Deliver spermatozoa
    to the female at the
    appropriate time
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8
Q

Testes

A 
Functions
(1) Produce sperm
(2) Produce hormones
• Located outside the
abdomen in the
scrotum in the
inguinal region
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9
Q

Fetal Development of Testes

A

for a variable time after birth, testes are inside the abdomen
the fetal testes are attached to gubernaculum
testes are gradually pulled back and down into scrotum

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10
Q

gubernaculum

A

band of CT that attaches testes to abdomen and then scrotum

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11
Q

inguinal rings

A

passageway from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum

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12
Q

cryptorchid

A

retained / undescended testes

bad for normal fertility and sperm production

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13
Q

types of cryptorchid

A

unilateral or bilateral

abdominal or inguinal

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14
Q

inguinal hernia

A

abdominal contents protrude through the inguinal ring

could be serious if the hernia is strangulated (stuck)

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15
Q

scrotum and its function

A

sac of skin that houses the testes

  1. protector
  2. thermosensor (nerves)
  3. cooler (sweat glands)
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16
Q

spermatic cords

A

tubular structure extending from the inguinal ring to testis

brings blood and nerves to testes

  1. Testicular artery & vein
  2. Pampiniform plexus
  3. Lymphatic vessels
  4. Nerves
  5. Ductus deferens
  6. Cremaster muscle
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17
Q

the path of sperm

A

testes (seminiferous tubules) –> ducts –> epididumis –> ductus deferens –> urethra

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18
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

convoluted tubules where sperm production occurs

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19
Q

spermatogenesis

A

production of male sex cell

production begins at puberty and continues through life

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20
Q

interstitial cells

A

aka leydig cells
outside seminiferous tubules
produce testosterone

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21
Q

testosterone

A

behavior/sex characteristics, AG, and anabolism

22
Q

Sertoli cells

A

inside seminiferous tubules

produce estrogen

23
Q

what is the order of reproduction cascade effect?

A

hypothalamus –> pituitary gland –> testes

24
Q

epididymis

A

storage and maturation site of sperm

25
Q

ductus deferens

A 
duct with thick,
smooth muscle walls
Leaves the epididymis
& travels in the
spermatic cord through
the inguinal ring.
Connects with urethra
26
Q

urethra

A

final outflow tract
collects spermatozoa from ductus deferens
collects secretions from accessory reproductive glands

27
Q

Accessory Sex Glands

A 
• Glands that contribute secretions (alkaline
fluid, fructose, prostaglandins, ovulationinducing
factors) to sperm to make semen
1. Ampulla
2. Seminal Vesicles
3. Prostate
4. Bulbourethral glands
• Species-variability
28
Q

penis

A

male breeding organ
composed of muscle, erectile tissue, and CT
Large blood supply & many sensory nerve endings
Species-variability in anatomy

29
Q

ovaries

A
  1. produce eggs
  2. produce hormones
    - Estrogen
    - Progesterone
    - Inhibin
30
Q

oogenesis (long answer)

A 
1) Begins during fetal
development
2) In fetal ovaries,
primordial germ
cells (oogonia, 2N)
divide/multiply by
Mitosis = stock the
ovary.
3) Oogonium begins
Meiosis but arrests
until Puberty=
1°Oocyte (2N)
4) Birth - Female has
fixed number of
1°Oocytes (2N) that
are have arrested in
Prophase 1 of Meiosis
Oogenesis
• Oocyte development
occurs in ovarian
follicles.
5) Puberty hits!
1° Oocytes complete
Meiosis I to form a large
2° oocyte and a small
"polar body.“
2° Oocyte arrests in
Metaphase II of Meiosis II
until fertilization.
31
Q

which organs controls the estrous cycling?

A

brain and ovaries

32
Q

uniparous sperices

A

1 mature ovum per cycle

33
Q

multiparous

A

multiple ova per cycle

litter bearing

34
Q

what produces the hormones in the ovary?

A

follicles

they produce estrogen and inhibin

35
Q

how does FSH affect the ovary?

A

stimulates a group of oocytes to resume meiosis

36
Q

ovulation

A

luteinizing hormone results in rupture of mature follicle to release the ovum
which is caught by infundibulum of oviduct
empty follicle fills with blood

37
Q

spontaneous ovulators

A

ovulation occurs spontaneously in most species as a result of rising levels of luteinizing hormone

38
Q

induced ovulators

A

breeding / mating must occur to stimulate ovulation

39
Q

corpus luteum

A

collapse follicle initially flls with blood and becomes a CH
After divisions of granulosa and theca cells that
line the CH, it becomes a Corpus Luteum, CL.
• CL = Produces Progesterone.
The CL has a “fixed” lifespan unless the ovum
is fertilized and the resulting embryo implants
in the uterus.

40
Q

progesterone

A

for maintenance of pregnancy

41
Q

oviduct

A

from ovary to the tips of the uterine horns

site of fertilization

42
Q

infundibulum

A

enlarged opening at the ovarian end of each oviduct that catches the eggs from the ovary

43
Q

uterus

A

hollow muscular organ

location of fetal deveopment during pregnancy

44
Q

cervix

A

smooth muscle sphincter between the body of
the uterus and the vagina.
Species-variability in structure.
Normally closed, except during estrus (heat)
and parturition (birth).

45
Q

vagina

A

muscular tube extends back from the cervix and connects with the vulva

46
Q

vuvla

A

Composed of the vestibule, clitoris, and labia

– Urethra opens on the floor of the vestibule

47
Q

Estrous Cycle:

A 
Time from the beginning of one
heat period (estrus) to the next
48
Q

Polyestrous

A

Animals cycle continuously through
the year if not pregnant

ex cattle and swine

49
Q

seasonally polyestrous

A

animals cycle continuously during certain season

ex. horse, sheep

50
Q

diestrous

A

animals with 2 cycles per year

ex. dog

51
Q

monoestrous

A

animals with 1 cycle per year

ex. fox, mink

anisci 101 (14 decks)

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