Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the two divisions of the only skeleton?
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
The axial skeleton consists of?
The bones around the midline of the body: the 12 pairs of ribs, the sternum, the 33 vertebrae, and the skull.
The appendicular skeleton consists of?
Bones of the upper and lower extremities, including their girdles: the pectoral girdle of the upper extremities(scapula and clavicle,) and pelvic girdle of the lower extremities
Upper limb proper
arm: humerus; forearm: radius and ulna; wrist: carpals; hand: metacarpals and phalanges
Lower limb proper
thigh: femur; leg: tibia and fibula; ankle: tarsals; foot: metatarsals and phalanges.
Two functions of the skin
- (Protection)-against water loss, heat loss, infectious diseases, and injury
- (Sensation)-the skin receives sensory information from nerve fibers (hot, cold, pressure, pain, and touch).
The skin has to have? (two things)
nerves entering into it
a blood supply
What are the three layers of the skin?
Epidermis, dermis, superficial fascia (also called hypodermis or tella subcutanea)
Epidermis is the _______ layers composed of _________
outermost
stratified squamus epithelium
What are the two layers of the epidermis?
The outer layer
The inner layer
The outer layer of the epidermis is also called the ______ layer. It is made up of _____
Cornified
Dead cells hardened by keratin
The inner layer of the epidermis is
stratified squamous epithelium. inner layer made up of live cells that replace the outer layer as it’s scraped off and as more cells are produced underneath.
What layer of the epidermis has pegs that stick down into the dermis and nerve endings that penetrate that layer
The inner layer.
What is the function of the dermis?
Inner layer that functions as added strength to the epidermis.
What are the two layer of the dermis?
Upper layer
Inner layer
The upper layer of the dermis is also called the _____ layer. Describe?
Papillary
It is less fibrous and has bumps called dermal papilla that stick into the epidermis.
The inner layer of the dermis is also called the ____layer. Describe
Reticular
It contains much fibrous connective tissue that adds strength to the dermis. It is rich in nerve endings, blood vessels, and hair follicles which pass into the epidermis.
The superficial fascia is the ______ layer of skin.
It separates skin from ______.
innermost
muscle
The superficial fascia is major ____ storage area.
It is _______ to the dermis.
fat
loosely adhered
What is the superficial fascia rich in?
Fat, fibrous connective tissue, fat, nerves, and blood vessels.
What are the two fascia layers? How do they cover one another?
Superficial fascia, and deep fascia.
The superficial fascia covers the deep fascia.
What structures are poorly bound to the deep fascia?
This is especially true when?
the retinacula cutaneous fascia
Where the skin is bound to underlying to structures (like the creases in hand).
Deep fascia is
Strong layer of connective tissue directly surrounding muscle (thing fibrous layer holding muscles together)
It runs over muscles and seperates them.
Responsible for giving vessels and nerves a route to reach muscles.
Other features of skin
Skin is thicker in areas that tend to come into contact with other objects.
Skin serves as a neuromuscular compartment- houses important vessels
Muscles are named in Latin according to:
Shape, location, attachments, function, size
Muscles can be
smooth, striated, or cardiac(also striated)
Vertebrae divisions. (33 total)
Cervical- 7
Thoracic-12 (in respect to the 12 pair of ribs)
Lumbar-5 (fused triangular structure)- articulates with the 2 pelvic bones
Sacral- 5 (fused triangular structure)- articulates with the 2 pelvic bones.
Coccygeal-4- (vestigial and fused)
General features of vertebrae
Vertebral body Vertebral foramen Vertebral Arch Transverse Processes-lateral Spinous processes- caudal Superior and inferior articulating facets.
Vertebral Body
Located ventrally/anteriorly and is for strength and stacking.
Vertebral foramen
Hole where spinal cord passes, formed by the vertebral Arch.
Vertebral arch
formed by the pedicle (“side wall of the house”) and lamina (“layer” or “roof of the house”)
Transverse process
Lateral
Spinous Process
Dorsal
Superior and inferior articulating facets
Inferior facets articulate with the superior facets of the vertebrae below.
Vertebral foramen is?
Is very large in the cervical vertebrae, where the spinal cord is larger. They decrease in size distally, as the circumference of the spinal cord decreases.
Spinous processes of cervical vertebrae are very short until ___
C7
