Exam 1

Question 1

What are the two divisions of the only skeleton?

Answer 1

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

Question 2

The axial skeleton consists of?

Answer 2

The bones around the midline of the body: the 12 pairs of ribs, the sternum, the 33 vertebrae, and the skull.

Question 3

The appendicular skeleton consists of?

Answer 3

Bones of the upper and lower extremities, including their girdles: the pectoral girdle of the upper extremities(scapula and clavicle,) and pelvic girdle of the lower extremities

Question 4

Upper limb proper

Answer 4

arm: humerus; forearm: radius and ulna; wrist: carpals; hand: metacarpals and phalanges

Question 5

Lower limb proper

Answer 5

thigh: femur; leg: tibia and fibula; ankle: tarsals; foot: metatarsals and phalanges.

Question 6

Two functions of the skin

Answer 6

• (Protection)-against water loss, heat loss, infectious diseases, and injury
• (Sensation)-the skin receives sensory information from nerve fibers (hot, cold, pressure, pain, and touch).

Question 7

The skin has to have? (two things)

Answer 7

nerves entering into it

a blood supply

Question 8

What are the three layers of the skin?

Answer 8

Epidermis, dermis, superficial fascia (also called hypodermis or tella subcutanea)

Question 9

Epidermis is the _______ layers composed of _________

Answer 9

outermost

stratified squamus epithelium

Question 10

What are the two layers of the epidermis?

Answer 10

The outer layer

The inner layer

Question 11

The outer layer of the epidermis is also called the ______ layer. It is made up of _____

Answer 11

Cornified

Dead cells hardened by keratin

Question 12

The inner layer of the epidermis is

Answer 12

stratified squamous epithelium. inner layer made up of live cells that replace the outer layer as it’s scraped off and as more cells are produced underneath.

Question 13

What layer of the epidermis has pegs that stick down into the dermis and nerve endings that penetrate that layer

Answer 13

The inner layer.

Question 14

What is the function of the dermis?

Answer 14

Inner layer that functions as added strength to the epidermis.

Question 15

What are the two layer of the dermis?

Answer 15

Upper layer

Inner layer

Question 16

The upper layer of the dermis is also called the _____ layer. Describe?

Answer 16

Papillary

It is less fibrous and has bumps called dermal papilla that stick into the epidermis.

Question 17

The inner layer of the dermis is also called the ____layer. Describe

Answer 17

Reticular
It contains much fibrous connective tissue that adds strength to the dermis. It is rich in nerve endings, blood vessels, and hair follicles which pass into the epidermis.

Question 18

The superficial fascia is the ______ layer of skin.

It separates skin from ______.

Answer 18

innermost

muscle

Question 19

The superficial fascia is major ____ storage area.

It is _______ to the dermis.

Answer 19

fat

loosely adhered

Question 20

What is the superficial fascia rich in?

Answer 20

Fat, fibrous connective tissue, fat, nerves, and blood vessels.

Question 21

What are the two fascia layers? How do they cover one another?

Answer 21

Superficial fascia, and deep fascia.

The superficial fascia covers the deep fascia.

Question 22

What structures are poorly bound to the deep fascia?

This is especially true when?

Answer 22

the retinacula cutaneous fascia

Where the skin is bound to underlying to structures (like the creases in hand).

Question 23

Deep fascia is

Answer 23

Strong layer of connective tissue directly surrounding muscle (thing fibrous layer holding muscles together)
It runs over muscles and seperates them.
Responsible for giving vessels and nerves a route to reach muscles.

Question 24

Other features of skin

Answer 24

Skin is thicker in areas that tend to come into contact with other objects.
Skin serves as a neuromuscular compartment- houses important vessels

Question 25

Muscles are named in Latin according to:

Answer 25

Shape, location, attachments, function, size

Question 26

Muscles can be

Answer 26

smooth, striated, or cardiac(also striated)

Question 27

Vertebrae divisions. (33 total)

Answer 27

Cervical- 7
Thoracic-12 (in respect to the 12 pair of ribs)
Lumbar-5 (fused triangular structure)- articulates with the 2 pelvic bones
Sacral- 5 (fused triangular structure)- articulates with the 2 pelvic bones.
Coccygeal-4- (vestigial and fused)

Question 28

General features of vertebrae

Answer 28

Vertebral body
Vertebral foramen
Vertebral Arch
Transverse Processes-lateral
Spinous processes- caudal
Superior and inferior articulating facets.

Question 29

Vertebral Body

Answer 29

Located ventrally/anteriorly and is for strength and stacking.

Question 30

Vertebral foramen

Answer 30

Hole where spinal cord passes, formed by the vertebral Arch.

Question 31

Vertebral arch

Answer 31

formed by the pedicle (“side wall of the house”) and lamina (“layer” or “roof of the house”)

Question 32

Transverse process

Answer 32

Lateral

Question 33

Spinous Process

Answer 33

Dorsal

Question 34

Superior and inferior articulating facets

Answer 34

Inferior facets articulate with the superior facets of the vertebrae below.

Question 35

Vertebral foramen is?

Answer 35

Is very large in the cervical vertebrae, where the spinal cord is larger. They decrease in size distally, as the circumference of the spinal cord decreases.

Question 36

Spinous processes of cervical vertebrae are very short until ___

Answer 36

C7