Exam 1:2 Flashcards
What is a worldwide goal of the 21st century?
achievement of good health
Health
can mean different things to different people, a dynamic state or condition of the human organism that is multidimensional in nature, a resource for living, and results from a person’s interactions with and adaptations to his or her environment
Community
A group of people who have common characteristics, can be defined by location, race, ethnicity, age, occupation, interest in particular problems or outcomes, or common bonds
Community is characterized by
Membership, common symbol systems, shared values and norms, mutual influence, shared needs and commitment to meeting them, shared emotional connection
Public health
actions that society takes collectively to ensure that the conditions in which people can be healthy can occur, the most inclusive term
Community health
health status of a defined group of people and the actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health
Population health
health status of people who are not organized; have no identity as a group
Personal health
Individual actions and decision making that affect the health of an individual or his or her immediate family members or friends
Role of community health
activities aimed at protecting or improving the health of a population or community, maintaining birth and death records, protecting food and water supply, etc.
Herd immunity
The resistance of a population to the spread of an infectious agent based on the immunity of a high proportion of individuals
Earliest civilizations
many community health practices went unrecorded, practices may have involved taboos, rites, and spiritual beliefs, archeological evidence of community health activities date back to 2000 BC
Ancient China
Emperor Shen Nung (2700 BC) originated drug therapy and acupuncture, incorporated theory of Yang (male principle) and Yin (female principle), an individual will have good health when these opposing forces are in harmony
Ancient Northern India
evidence of bathrooms and sewers
Ancient Crete
evidence of toilets, flushing systems, and sewers
Ancient Sumarian clay tablet
evidence of prescription drugs
Ancient Egypt
Middle Kingdom-evidence of water drainage, physicians kept detailed case histories of patients on papyri scrolls, the sick sought help at the temples (dual role of church and hospital), priest became a physician-priest
Imhotep (Egypt)
high priest, poet, vizier, architect, physician, etc., regarded by many as the true father of medicine, architect of the first pyramid, wrote extensive medical texts-most destroyed when the library at Alexandria was burned by Caesar, search for his tomb underway
What is believed by many to be the single greatest loss of knowledge in human history?
The loss of the library in Alexandria, played a role leading to the dark ages in the Western world
Ancient Babylon
developed a code of law (Hammurabi), somewhat humanitarian and tried to prevent defrauding the helpless, medical fees were spelled out on ability to pay, if patient suffered complications the doctor would be punished and may have his hands cut off
Ancient Israel
book of Leviticus provided guidelines for personal cleanliness, sanitation, disinfection of wells, isolation of disease, disposal of refuse, and the hygiene of maternity
Classical Greece
active in community sanitation, running water, supplemented local city wells with water supplies from mountains as far as 10 miles away
Hippocrates
466-377 BC, Greece, many medical writings that took a logical approach to medicine (opposed mystical approach), Hippocratic oath, father of medicine, health related to the balance of 4 humors, practice of bloodletting, disease caused by natural forces, prescriptions for fresh air, nature, rest, massage, baths, certain diets
The practice of bloodletting started by Hippocrates
killed many people throughout history, including George Washington
Classical Rome
captured many Greek physicians upon conquering that country, incorporated many Greek practices, improved Greek engineering and built aqueducts and sewer systems, Christians built hospitals for the public as charitable organizations, physicians conducted dissections and autopsies, created medications, wrote various medical texts, public and private baths available to all (improved hygiene), physicians received special schooling, healthcare provided to the poor
Spiritual era of public health
Middle Ages (500-1500 AD), change in attitude about the body, rejection of the Greco/Roman admiration of the body, pursuit of the spiritual at the expense of the body, body is something that leads to sin and is to be ignored and hidden, disease viewed as a consequence of sinful living
Movements of People in the Middle Ages
Islamic practice of Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca), Christian crusades against Muslims, Columbus and others to Americas, spread many diseases and led to large scale epidemics of cholera, smallpox, pulmonary anthrax, bubonic plague, typhoid, typhus, etc.
Renaissance and Exploration
1500-1700, rebirth of thinking about nature of the world and of humankind, more careful accounting of who was getting sick, belief that diseases were caused by environmental not spiritual factors, observed the sick, leading to a greater understanding of signs and symptoms of disease
Leonardo daVinci
scientist, inventor, mathematician, engineer, artist, produced numerous anatomical drawings based on dissection
Fricastoro
spoke of disease being caused by invisible seeds that penetrate and multiply in the human body
Galileo
invented the telescope, but also used two lenses to examine a small specimen in 1608, documented the first use of a microscope
