Exam 1:2 Flashcards
What is a worldwide goal of the 21st century?
achievement of good health
Health
can mean different things to different people, a dynamic state or condition of the human organism that is multidimensional in nature, a resource for living, and results from a person’s interactions with and adaptations to his or her environment
Community
A group of people who have common characteristics, can be defined by location, race, ethnicity, age, occupation, interest in particular problems or outcomes, or common bonds
Community is characterized by
Membership, common symbol systems, shared values and norms, mutual influence, shared needs and commitment to meeting them, shared emotional connection
Public health
actions that society takes collectively to ensure that the conditions in which people can be healthy can occur, the most inclusive term
Community health
health status of a defined group of people and the actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health
Population health
health status of people who are not organized; have no identity as a group
Personal health
Individual actions and decision making that affect the health of an individual or his or her immediate family members or friends
Role of community health
activities aimed at protecting or improving the health of a population or community, maintaining birth and death records, protecting food and water supply, etc.
Herd immunity
The resistance of a population to the spread of an infectious agent based on the immunity of a high proportion of individuals
Earliest civilizations
many community health practices went unrecorded, practices may have involved taboos, rites, and spiritual beliefs, archeological evidence of community health activities date back to 2000 BC
Ancient China
Emperor Shen Nung (2700 BC) originated drug therapy and acupuncture, incorporated theory of Yang (male principle) and Yin (female principle), an individual will have good health when these opposing forces are in harmony
Ancient Northern India
evidence of bathrooms and sewers
Ancient Crete
evidence of toilets, flushing systems, and sewers
Ancient Sumarian clay tablet
evidence of prescription drugs
Ancient Egypt
Middle Kingdom-evidence of water drainage, physicians kept detailed case histories of patients on papyri scrolls, the sick sought help at the temples (dual role of church and hospital), priest became a physician-priest
Imhotep (Egypt)
high priest, poet, vizier, architect, physician, etc., regarded by many as the true father of medicine, architect of the first pyramid, wrote extensive medical texts-most destroyed when the library at Alexandria was burned by Caesar, search for his tomb underway
What is believed by many to be the single greatest loss of knowledge in human history?
The loss of the library in Alexandria, played a role leading to the dark ages in the Western world
Ancient Babylon
developed a code of law (Hammurabi), somewhat humanitarian and tried to prevent defrauding the helpless, medical fees were spelled out on ability to pay, if patient suffered complications the doctor would be punished and may have his hands cut off
Ancient Israel
book of Leviticus provided guidelines for personal cleanliness, sanitation, disinfection of wells, isolation of disease, disposal of refuse, and the hygiene of maternity
Classical Greece
active in community sanitation, running water, supplemented local city wells with water supplies from mountains as far as 10 miles away
Hippocrates
466-377 BC, Greece, many medical writings that took a logical approach to medicine (opposed mystical approach), Hippocratic oath, father of medicine, health related to the balance of 4 humors, practice of bloodletting, disease caused by natural forces, prescriptions for fresh air, nature, rest, massage, baths, certain diets
The practice of bloodletting started by Hippocrates
killed many people throughout history, including George Washington
Classical Rome
captured many Greek physicians upon conquering that country, incorporated many Greek practices, improved Greek engineering and built aqueducts and sewer systems, Christians built hospitals for the public as charitable organizations, physicians conducted dissections and autopsies, created medications, wrote various medical texts, public and private baths available to all (improved hygiene), physicians received special schooling, healthcare provided to the poor
Spiritual era of public health
Middle Ages (500-1500 AD), change in attitude about the body, rejection of the Greco/Roman admiration of the body, pursuit of the spiritual at the expense of the body, body is something that leads to sin and is to be ignored and hidden, disease viewed as a consequence of sinful living
Movements of People in the Middle Ages
Islamic practice of Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca), Christian crusades against Muslims, Columbus and others to Americas, spread many diseases and led to large scale epidemics of cholera, smallpox, pulmonary anthrax, bubonic plague, typhoid, typhus, etc.
Renaissance and Exploration
1500-1700, rebirth of thinking about nature of the world and of humankind, more careful accounting of who was getting sick, belief that diseases were caused by environmental not spiritual factors, observed the sick, leading to a greater understanding of signs and symptoms of disease
Leonardo daVinci
scientist, inventor, mathematician, engineer, artist, produced numerous anatomical drawings based on dissection
Fricastoro
spoke of disease being caused by invisible seeds that penetrate and multiply in the human body
Galileo
invented the telescope, but also used two lenses to examine a small specimen in 1608, documented the first use of a microscope
Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes
writings encouraged questioning of all “former truths” leading to the development of the scientific method
Harvey
described his experiments and blood circulation
Leeuwenhoek
described the red blood cell
Kircher
connected microorganisms in blood with disease
Eighteenth Century
industrial growth, cities overcrowded, water supplies inadequate and unsanitary, problems with trash, workplaces unsafe
Variolation
involved inoculation with smallpox material, risky but George Washington ordered it for his troops during the Revolutionary War
Edward Jenner
published his account of the first smallpox vaccination in 1796, overheard a milkmaid mention she could not get smallpox because she already had cowpox, inoculated a boy with pus from cowpox and 8 weeks later with smallpox, the boy did not get sick
Marine Hospital Service
formed in 1798, led to the eventual development of US Public Health Service
The nineteenth century
better agriculture lead to improved nutrition, laissez-faire approach to health, epidemic problems in major cities, many scientific discoveries
Pasteur
demonstrated pathogenesis, developed anthrax and rabies vaccines, developed pasteurization in milk and other liquids
Koch
discovered the bacilli for anthrax, cholera, and TB
Joseph Lister
used the first antiseptics during surgery making surgery much safer
Germ Theory of Disease
established by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch
Shattuck report
1850, led to the institution of many public health measures
Leading causes of death in the twentieth century
communicable diseases
Reform phase
1900-1920, 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act passed
Great Depression and WWII phase
National Institutes of Health established-1930s, penicillin discovered by Alexander Fleming-1928, wide usage 10 yrs later and in WWII
Postwar years
growth of health care facilities and providers, CDC established in 1946, WHO-1948, Salk Polio vaccine-1955
Period of Social Engineering
1960-1973, fed govt active in health matters, medicare/medicaid-1965, OSHA Act signed-1970, improved standards in health facilities, influx of fed dollars accelerated rate of increase of cost ot health care
Period of health promotion
1974-present, lifestyle-related diseases top causes of death, identification that premature death traceable to lifestyle and health behaviors, Healthy People publication established
World Health Organization
international governmental health organization, objective-attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health, notable-helping to eradicate smallpox
Dept of Health and Human Services
responsible for protection of health and welfare of citizens
Administration on Aging
carry out the provisions of the Older Americans Act of 1965
Administration for Children and Families
provides direction and leadership for all federal programs for needy children and families (head start)
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
research on health care quality, costs, outcomes, and patient safety
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
serves public to prevent harmful exposures and diseases related to toxic substances
Food and Drug Administration
protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid services
administers programs which provide health care coverage to about 87 million Americans
Health Resources and Services Administration
provide health resources for medically underserved populations, works to build the health care workforce
Indian Health Services
goal to raise physical, mental, social, and spiritual health of American Indians and Alaskan Natives to the highest level
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
ensures up-to-date information and state-of-the-art practice is effectively used for the prevention and treatment of addictive and mental disorders
National Institutes of Health
one of the world’s foremost medical research centers and the federal focal point for medical research in the US
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
nation’s premier health promotion, prevention, and preparedness agency and global leader in public health
Quasi-Governmental Health Organizations
National Academy of Sciences, National Science Foundation, American Red Cross
American Red Cross
provide relief to victims of natural disasters, liaison between members of armed forces and their families during emergencies
Voluntary health agencies
raise money to fund programs and/or research, provide education, provide services to afflicted, American Cancer Society, American Heart Assoc., Lung Assoc., Diabetes Assoc., Arthritis Foundation
Professional Health organizations
promote high standards of professional practice, American Medical Assoc., American Public Health Assoc.
Philanthropic Foundations
donate money for the good of humankind, fund programs and research on prevention, control, and treatment of many diseases
Social, Service, and Religious Organizations
many do not have health as a primary mission but make health-related contributions
Corporate Involvement in Community Health
biggest role-provision of health care benefits
Epidemiology
study of distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations
Epidemiologists
concerned with course of disease in a population, collect information about disease of a community
Epidemic
unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior or event, in a particular population
Endemic
disease that occurs regularly in a population as a matter of course
Pandemic
outbreak over wide geographic area
