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Genetics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucelotide vs Nuceloside

A

-Nucleotide: three parts (sugar, a phosphate, and a base), purine or pyrimadine base
-Nucleoside: same as a nucleotide without a phosphate

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2
Q

Complementary Base Pair Rules

A

-A binds to T and G binds to C
-Antiparallel: strands run in opposite directions
-complementary DNA strands; each base has a complementary base that pairs with it

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3
Q

What are the measurements of a DNA double helix?

A

-10 average bp per turn of the DNA helix -0.34 nm between bp
-entire helix is 2 nm in diameter
-The distance from minor groove to minor groove is 3.4 nm

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4
Q

Melting curve

A

-an analysis that you can do to see how fast DNA comes back together after the DNA is melted
-Denatures a nucelic acid via heat (makes it single stranded), cool it, and then detect how fast it comes back together

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5
Q

How can you tell if a sequence is G-C rich or A-T rich

A

-Melting curve will tell you if a substance is A-T or G-C rich. If a sequence took a lot more heat to melt than it is a G-C rich sequence due to having 3 hydrogen bonds

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6
Q

RNA structure

A

-Uracil replaces thymine
-single stranded
-ribose sugar
-can form hairpin structures

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7
Q

DNA structure

A

-double helix
-phosphodiester bonds form backbone
-hydrogen bonds cause base pairing between the strands
-Antiparallel (is important for stability) complementary base pairs
-terminal base does not have a phosphate, just a hydroxyl
-deoxyribose sugar

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8
Q

A Form of DNA

A

same amount of bases as B form, thicker diameter, right-handed, dehydrated form

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9
Q

B form

A

normal form of DNA, right-handed helix, long, thin

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10
Q

Z form

A

G-C rich, left handed helix

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11
Q

Purine vs Pyrimide

A

-Purines: double ring structure with 9 carbons
-Pyramidines: single ring structure

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12
Q

How to tell the difference in Adenine and Guanine?

A

-amine group is on the 6 carbon of Adenine
-amine group is on the 2 carbon of Guanine

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13
Q

How to tell the difference in Cytosine and Uracil?

A

-Thymine has 2 double bonded oxygens
-Cytosine: has an additional amine group when compared to thymine

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14
Q

How many hydrogen bonds in A-T vs. G-C?

A

A=T (2 H bonds)
G-C (3 H bonds)

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15
Q

Histones

A

-organize themselves into octamers
-relatively small (50-150 bp)
-one of the most abundant proteins that we make
-can have disordered sections
-chromatin remodeling must occur to allow the DNA to be accessed by DNA-binding proteins

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16
Q

5 main Types of Histones

A

-H1: not a core histone, lysine-rich
-H2A: slightly lysine-rich
-H2B: slightly lysine-rich
-H3: Argine-rich (positively charged)
-H4: Arginine-rich (positively-charged)

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17
Q

Histone Tails

A

provide potential targets along the chromatin fiber for chemical modifications that may include

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18
Q

Acetylation

A

activation of genes (acetyl groups bring a negative charge)
-HAT: turn on
-Histone deactylase: catalyst for deacetylation

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19
Q

Methylation

A

acctivation of genes

20
Q

Phosphorylation

A

activation or repression of genes

21
Q

Histone Code

A

making predictions about certain areas of chromosomes based on histones

22
Q

Nucleosome Structure

A

-one histone type is sound in each nucleosome
-octamer of histones (~147 bp)
-each nucleosome consists of eight histone proteins around which the DNA wraps 1.65 times
-the nucleosomes fold up to produce 30 nm fiber
-chromatin remodeling (histones) must occur to allow the DNA to be accessed by DNA-binding proteins
-Linker DNA: 30 to 40 bp that seperates each nucleosome

23
Q

Hershey and Chase Experiment

A

-They did not know how phages reproduce
-Protein or DNA?

24
Q

Types of repeat DNA

A

-Repetitive DNA is approximently 150-300 bp long
-HIghly Repetitive DNA is less than 10 bp long

25
Q

Where is highly repetitive DNA found?

A

-cenromeres
-telomeres
-microsatellite DNA
-Heterochromatin

26
Q

Semi-Conservative DNA replication

A
27
Q

Tandem vs. Interspersed Repeat Sequence

A

-Tandem: repeat sequence that is right beside itself (telomere)
-Interspersed: repeat sequences that you find throughout the genome

28
Q

Viral Genetic Material

A

-Hershey and Chase

29
Q

DNA polymerase mechanisim in replicating DNA

A
30
Q

What phase in the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

A

S phase

31
Q

Proof-reading in DNA Replication

A
32
Q

DNA Polymerase I

A
33
Q

DNA Polymerase III

A
34
Q

Characteristics of Genetic Material

A

-must contain complex information
-must replicate faithfully
-must encode the phenotype
-must have the capacity to vary

35
Q

Chloroplast/Mitochondrial Genome Functions

A

-contain DNA
-encodes some polypeptides used by the organelle, rRNA, and some tRNAs

36
Q

Mitochondrial genomes

A

-small and vary greatly
-Human mitochondrial DNA is circular, 16,569 bp, encodes two rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, and 13 proteins
-Yeast Mitochondrial DNA: five times as large as a human, encodes two rRNAs, 25 tRNAs, and 16 polypeptides
-Flowering plan mitochondrial DNA: extensice size variation

37
Q

Damage to what DNA is associated with aging and how does it work?

A

-mitochondrial DNA
-many human genetic diseases associated with mitochondrial DNA appear in middle age or later
-mutations in mtDNA start life with decreased oxidative phosphorylation capacity

38
Q
A
39
Q

Griffith Experiment

A

discovering of a “transforming principle”; a substance in the heat killed virulent bacteria genetically transformed the type IIR bacteria into live, virulent type IIIS bacteria

40
Q

Avery, McCleod, and McCarty experiment

A

identification of the “transforming principle”; because DNase destroyed the transforming substance, the transforming substance is DNA

41
Q

Messelson/Stahl Experiment

A
42
Q

Chromatin Remodeling

A

-Chromatin remodeling must occur to allow the DNA to be accessed by DNA binding proteins
-To allow replication and gene expression, chromatin must relax its compact structure and expose regions of DNA to regulatory proteins

43
Q

Histone Features

A

-Histone Tails: provide potential targets along the chromatin fiber for chemical modification that may include acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation

44
Q

Process of DNA Replication (Steps)

A

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45
Q
A

Genetics (12 decks)

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