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Genetics > Chapter 5: Extensions and Modifications of Basic Principle > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Extensions and Modifications of Basic Principle Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of dominance has the same phenotype regardless of heterozygote or homozygotes?

A

Complete Dominance

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2
Q

What type of dominance has an intermediate phenotype between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes?

A

Incomplete Dominance

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3
Q

What type of dominance has the phenotype of the heterozygote and includes the phenotypes of both homozygotes?

A

Codominance

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4
Q

What is the percentage of individuals having a particular genotype that express the expected phenotype?

A

penetrance

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5
Q

What is the degree to which the character is expressed?

A

expressivity

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6
Q

What does it mean if there are multiple alleles?

A

for a given locus, more than two alleles are present within a group of individuals

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7
Q

What is an example of multiple alleles?

A

ABO Blood group

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8
Q

Gene Interactions

A

effects of genes at one locus depends on the prescence of genes at other loci

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9
Q

What produces novel phenotypes?

A

gene interactions

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10
Q

When one gene masks the effects of another gene at a different locus

A

Epistasis

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11
Q

What is the affect of a lethal allele?

A

affects the mendalian genotypic and phenotypic ratios in progeny

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12
Q

What causes death at an early stage of development?

A

lethal allele

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13
Q

What may not allow some genotypes to appear among progeny?

A

lethal alleles

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14
Q

What ratio does recessive epistasis occur in?

A

9:3:4 ratio

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15
Q

What is an example of Incomplete Pertanance?

A

polydactyl

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16
Q

Incomplete Penetrance

A

expected phenotype is not shown

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17
Q

What is an example of codominance?

A

AB blood type
-both are able to be expressed

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18
Q

What gets masked in recessive epistasis?

A

recessive gene masks the dominant gene

19
Q

What is the phenotypic ratio in dominant epistasis?

A

12:3:1

20
Q

What is the phenotypic ratio in duplicate recessive epistasis?

A

9:7 phenotypic ratio

21
Q

What is a sex influenced characteristic?

A

phenotype is influenced by gender

22
Q

What is a sex limited characteristic?

A

both males and females can transmit the trait but only one gender can express it

23
Q

What type of characteristic has the exact same genotype but different presentation based on gender?

A

sex influenced

24
Q

What is an example of a sex limited trait?

A

precocious puberty

25
Q

What organelles does cytoplasmic interferance occur mostly in?

A

mitochondria and chloroplast

26
Q

What is cytoplasmic inheritance?

A

when progeny recieve differing numbers and types of organelles based on random segregation due to cell division

27
Q

What is the genetic maternal effect?

A

mom’s genotype determines phenotypes of offspring, regardless of offspring’s genotype

28
Q

What is the differential expression of genetic material depending on whether it is inherited from the male or female parent?

A

genomic imprinting

29
Q

What is believed to be caused by methylation and is an example of epigenetics?

A

genomic imprinting

30
Q

What determines phenotype in genomic imprinting?

A

parental origin

31
Q

What is the phenomena due to alterations to DNA that do not include changes in base sequence?

A

epigenetics

32
Q

What does epigenetics affect?

A

the way in which the DNA sequences are expressed

33
Q

What is a genetic trait that becomes more strongly expressed or is expressed at an earlier stage?

A

Anticipation

34
Q

What occurs due to the expansion of an unstable region of DNA from generation to generation?

A

anticiapation

35
Q

What is often caused by trinucleotide repeats?

A

anticipation

36
Q

What is an allele that is only functional at certain temperatures?

A

temperature-sensitive alleles

37
Q

What type of characteristics have realtively few phenotypes

A

discontinuous characteristics

38
Q

Continuous Characteristics

A

continuous distribution of phenotypes

39
Q

What occurs when genes at many loci interact?

A

continuous characteristics

40
Q

What is a characteristic encoded by genes at many loci?

A

polygenic characteristic

41
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

when one gene affects multiple characteristics

42
Q

What is an example of pleuotropy?

A

phenylketonuria

43
Q

What diseases are caused by trinucleotide repeats and anticipation?

A

Huntington’s Disease and Fragile X Syndrome

44
Q

What is an example of a gene that is influenced by environemental effects?

A

lactose intolerance
-does not show unless the person eats a lactose product

Genetics (12 decks)

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