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Genetics > Chapter 2 (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (Exam 2) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Interphase

A

an extended period between cell divisions, DNA synthesis, and chromosome replication

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2
Q

What phase does the cell grow in and produce the proteins necessary for cell division?

A

G1

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3
Q

What phase does no cell division take place in?

A

G0

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4
Q

What is one of the regulated decision point where the cell is committed to dividing?

A

G1/S phase

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5
Q

What phase does the DNA duplicate in?

A

S phase

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6
Q

What phase does the cell prepare to divide in?

A

G2

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7
Q

What can only be passed if DNA is completely replicated and undamaged?

A

G2/M checkpoint

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8
Q

What two processes occur in the M phase?

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

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9
Q

Mitosis

A

seperation of sister chromatids

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10
Q

Cytokinesis

A

separation of cytoplasm

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11
Q

Prophase

A

-chromosomes condense
-each chromosome possesses two chromatids
-mitotic spindle forms

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12
Q

Prometaphase

A

-nucelar membrane disintegrates
-spindle microtubules attach to chromatids

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13
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate

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14
Q

Anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles

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15
Q

Telophase

A

-chromosomes arrive at spindle poles
-nuclear membrane re-dorms and the chromosomes relax

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16
Q

Meiosis

A

the production og haploid gametes

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17
Q

What phase does DNA synthesis and chromosome replication occur?

A

Interphase

18
Q

When does seperation of homologous chromosome pairs, and reduction of the chromosome number by half (also called reduction division)

A

meiosis I

19
Q

What occurs in early prophase I?

A

chromosomes befin to condense and the spindle forms

20
Q

What occurs in late prophase I?

A

homologous chromosomes pair; crossing over takes place, and the nuclear membrane breaks down

21
Q

Synapsis

A

close pairing of homologous chromosomes in Prophase I

22
Q

Tetrad

A

closely associarted four sister chromatids of two homologous chromosomes in Prophase I

23
Q

Crossing Over

A

crossing over of chromosome segments from the sister chromatid of one chromosome to the sister chromatid of the other synapse chromosome-exchange of the genetic information; occurs in Prophase I

24
Q

What phase does random alignment of homologous pairs of chromosomes along the metaphase plate?

A

Metaphase I

25
Q

What phase do homologous chromosome pairs separate and randomly distribute chromsomes into the two newly divided cells?

A

Anaphase I

26
Q

What phase is the second mechanism of generating genetic variation in the newly formed gametes?

A

Anaphase I

27
Q

What phase do chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles and the cytoplasm divides?

A

Telophase I

28
Q

What is the final stage of Meiosis I and what occurs in it?

A

Interkinesis: period of rest that cells enter between meiosis I and II. No DNA replication occurs

29
Q

When do sister chromatids separate (also known as equatational division)?

A

Meiosis II

30
Q

What happens in Prophase II?

A

the chromosomes recondense

31
Q

What happens in Metaphase II?

A

individual chromosomes line up in the equatorial plate

32
Q

What happens in Anaphase II?

A

sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles

33
Q

What happens in Telophase II?

A

chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles and the cytoplasm divides

34
Q

Kinetochores

A

-formed on the centromere region of the chromosome
-spindle microtubules attatch to the kinetochore

35
Q

What is the function of the shugosin protein?

A

prevents cohesin degradation during meiosis I; protects cohesin at the centromere; eventaully degraded and allows the centromere to break down and the chromatids to seperate

36
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

-male gamete production

37
Q

What is the order of spermatogenesis?

A

spermatogonium –>Primary Spermatocyte(2n)–>Secondary Spermatocytes (2n)–>Spermatids(1n) –>Sperm

38
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

female gamete production

39
Q

What is the order of oogenesis?

A

oogonium(2n)–>primary oocyte(2n)–> secondary oocyte (1n) and first polar body–>ovum(1n) and second polar body

40
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

held together by cohesin; when cohesin breaks down in mitosis it allows for separation of these

41
Q

What is the importance of cohesin in chromosomes?

A

it is key to the chromosomes behavior in mitosis

42
Q
A

Genetics (12 decks)

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