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Genetics > Chapter 4: Sex Determination and Sex Linked Characteristics > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Sex Determination and Sex Linked Characteristics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Are X and Y chromosomes homologous?

A

No, they pair during meiosis but the genes that are located on each are different

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2
Q

What regions of X and Y chromsomes are homologous?

A

regions at the tips (pseudoautosomal region)

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3
Q

What regions are essential for X-Y pairing in meiosis for males?

A

pseudoautosomal regions

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4
Q

What alternates between haploid and diploid states?

A

sexual reproductions

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5
Q

What is the major difference in sexual phenotypes

A

gamete size

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6
Q

Monoecious

A

both male and female reproductive structures in the same organisim

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7
Q

Dioecious

A

either male or female reproductive structures in one organisim

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8
Q

What is the protenor mode mechanisim? What are the genotypes? Where does it occur?

A

-XX-XO system
-XX: female XO: male
-occurs in grasshoppers

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9
Q

What is the Lygaeus mode mechanisim? What are the genotypes? Where does it occur?

A

-XX-XY System
-XX: female XY: male
-occurs in mammals

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10
Q

What is the ZZ-ZW mechanisim? What are the genotypes? Where does it occur?

A

-ZZ: male
-ZW: female
-Occurs in birds, snakes, butterflies, some amphibians, and fishes

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11
Q

What sex has unlike gametes?

A

heterogenic sex

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12
Q

What sex has like gametes?

A

homogametic sex

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13
Q

What is the Genic Sex-Determining System?

A

no sex chromosomes, only the sex determining gene
-found in some plants, protists, fungi, and fish

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14
Q

What is environmental sex determination?

A

when temperature of embryo affects sex

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15
Q

How does temperature affect turtle sex determination?

A

warm=female
male=cold

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16
Q

How does temperature affect alligator sex determination?

A

warm=male
cold=female

17
Q

Is the X or Y chromosome more important?

A

X contains other genes than just sex

18
Q

What gene determines maleness?

A

SRY gene on the Y chromosome

19
Q

What are the odds and symptoms of Turner Syndrome?

A

XO; 1/3000 female births
-short and sterile

20
Q

What are the odds, genotypes, and symptoms of Klinefelter Syndrome?

A

XXY, or XXXY, or XXXXY, or XXYY
-1/1000 male births
-often taller with reduced testes size

21
Q

What are the odds, genotypes, and symptoms of Poly-X Syndrome?

A

-XXX
-1/1000 female births

22
Q

Is it normal for both copies of the X chromsome to be missing?

A

No

23
Q

How many copies are required of the X Chromosome?

A

at least 1

24
Q

What is contained in the X chromsome?

A

contains genetic information that is essential for both sexes

25
Q

What is the male determining gene?

A

Y chromosome

26
Q

What are the symptoms of androgen-insensitivity syndrome?

A

-female external features,but are XY
-pair of testes inside abdominal cavity
-Defective androgen receptor

27
Q

What doesnt allow for male characteristics in androgen-insensitivity syndrome?

A

defective androgen receptor

28
Q

Where are most of our male and female characteristics in our genes found?

A

autosomes

29
Q

What is dosage compensation?

A

the amount of protein produced by X-linked genes and randomly inactived in two sexes

30
Q

What hypothesis found in each female cell, one of the X’s are inactivated?

A

lyon hypothesis

31
Q

What does the inactivated X become?

A

Barr Body

32
Q

About how many genes on Y chromosome?

A

75 genes

33
Q

About how many genes on X chromosome

A

about 1000 genes

34
Q

Males are _____zygous for x-linked traits

A

hemizygous

35
Q

Females are _____zygous for x linked traits

A

homozygous

36
Q

Where are barr bodies found?

A

only in cells with at least XX

37
Q

When does X inactivation stop?

A

about 6 weeks of development

38
Q

What is a barr body?

A

an inactivated X chromsome

39
Q

How does X-inactivation occur?

A

via epigenetics
-lncRNA is produced and then coats the inactivated X, recruits chromatin modifying proteins, and make X into heterochromatin

Genetics (12 decks)

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