Exam #1 Flashcards
Superior
Toward the head
Inferior
Toward the tail or feet
Anterior
Toward front of body (aka - “ventral”)
Posterior
Toward back of body (aka - dorsal)
Lateral
Farther from midline
Medial
Closer to midline
Proximal
Closer to trunk of body
Distal
Farther from trunk of body
Superficial
Toward the surface / skin
Deep
Farther from surface / skin
Cranial cavity
Houses the brain
Vertebral cavity
Houses the spinal cord
Thoracic cavity
Contains: pleural (left + right), mediastinum, and pericardial cavities
Mediastinum cavity
Contains: trachea, bronchi, and esophagus
Pleural cavities
Houses the lungs
Pericardial cavity
Houses the heart
Abdominopelvic cavity
Contains: abdominal and pelvic cavities
Abdominal cavity
Houses the digestive organs
Pelvic cavity
Contains: urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
Serous membranes
Thin double-layered sacs surrounding most organs
- parietal layer = inside
- visceral layer = outside
Midsagittal plane of section
Divides the body into left and right sections
Parasagittal plane of section
Divides the body into unequal left and right sections
Frontal plane of section
Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
Transverse plane of section
Divides the body into:
- Superior and inferior sections
OR - proximal and distal sections
Integumentary system
- Skin, hair, and nails
- retains water, protects body from external enviro., and regulates body temp
Skeletal system
- Bones + joints
- supports body and movement, protects organs, produces blood cells, and stores calcium
Muscular system
Produces movement and generates heat
Nervous system
- Includes brain, spinal cord, and nerves
- regulates body functions (fast-acting), provides mental functions, nerve and electrical impulses
Endocrine system
- Includes glands, ovaries, and testes
- regulates body functions (slow-acting) through secretion of hormones
Cardiovascular system
- Includes blood vessels and heart
- pumps and delivers oxygenated blood to tissues, removes waste from tissues, transports cells + nutrients
Lymphatic system
- includes lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen
- returns excess tissue fluid to cardio system and provides protection against disease
Respiratory system
- Includes pharynx, larynx, trachea, and lungs
- delivers O2 to blood, removes CO2 from body, and balances pH
Digestive system
- Includes mouth, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, and intestines
- digests food / removes waste, absorbs nutrients into blood, maintains fluids and electrolytes
Urinary system
- Includes kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra
-removes metabolic waste from blood, stimulates blood cell production
Reproductive system
- produces and transports gametes, secretes hormones, sexual function
Homeostasis
The process by which the body maintains internal physiological stability
Negative feedback loop
- A stimulus elicits a physiological response that opposes an initial change in a regulated variable
Example: regulation of body temp, oxygen, and fluids
Positive feedback loop
- Activity increases and reinforces the original stimulus
- much less common than negative feedback loops
Example: injury in blood vessel initiates blood clotting
Epithelial tissue
SKIN
- Covers + lines all body surfaces and cavities
- defined by number of cell layers (simple vs. Stratified) and shape of cells (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar)
Functions: transport, absorption, secretion, protection
Connective tissue
Functions: binding, support, protection, and transport
- usually consists of scattered cells embedded in extracellular matrix
- proper CT: loose, dense, reticular, and adipose
- specialized CT: cartilage, bone, and blood
Nervous tissue
- includes neurons and neuroglial cells
- located in brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Functions: sensory input and motor output via electrical signals
Muscle tissue
Skeletal (attached to bone), cardiac (found in the heart), and smooth muscles (lines hollow organs)
Function: contraction and movement (voluntary or involuntary)
Simple squamous epithelial
Description: 1 layer, flat cells
Location: air sacs of lungs
Simple cuboidal epithelial
Description: 1 layer, cube shaped
Location: kidney tubules, thyroid, mammary glands
Simple columnar epithelial
Description: 1 layer, rectangular
Location: digestive tract (stomach to anus), gallbladder, uterine tubes
Pseudostratified columnar epithelial
Description: 1 layer (looks like more, but all cells touch basement membrane), rectangular, has cilia on top
Location: nasal cavity, upper respiratory passages (i.e. Trachea)
Stratified squamous epithelial - keratinized
Description: multi-layed, flat cells, dead keratin-filled apical cells on top (no nuclei)
Location: epidermis
Stratified squamous epithelial - nonkeratinized
Description: multi-layered, flat cells, alive apical cells on top
Location: mouth, esophagus, anus, vagina
Stratified cuboidal epithelial
Description: 2+ layers, cube-shaped
Location: ducts of sweat and mammary glands
Stratified columnar epithelia
Description: 2+ layers, rectangular
Location: ducts of salivary glands
Transitional epithelia
Description: multi-layered, able to stretch and change shape based off needs
Location: urinary bladder
Loose / areolar connective tissue
Description: looks like random lines going in different directions, contains fibroblasts and protein fibers
Location: under epithelium, hollow organs, body cavity membranes
Dense irregular connective tissue
Description: contains fibroblasts and unstructured collagen
Location: dermis, around joints
Dense regular connective tissue
Description: contains fibroblasts and more organized collagen fibers
Location: tendons, ligaments
Dense elastic connective tissue
Description: squiggly (hair) elastic fibers allow for stretch and recoil
Location: large blood vessels
Reticular connective tissue
Description: reticular fibers (dark green) and leukocytes (purple)
Location: lymph nodes, spleen, liver
Adipose connective tissue
Description: white adipocytes provide warmth, energy, and shock absorption / protection
Location: deep skin, surrounds heart and abdominal organs
Hyaline cartilage
Description: chondrocytes (googly eyes) scattered throughout ECM
Location: between bones/ joints, tip of nose, costal cartilage of ribs
Fibrocartilage
Description: chondrocytes (googly eyes) and collagen fibers in ECM
Location: intervertebral discs, knee meniscus
Elastic cartilage
Description: chondrocytes and (hair) elastic fibers in ECM, helps maintain shape and flexibility
Location: ears, epiglottis
Bone Tissue
Description: calcified ECM in circles (osteons) with lacunae (housing osteocytes)
Location: Bones
Blood Tissue
Description: plasma, erythrocytes (red cells), and leukocytes (white cells)
Location: blood vessels and heart
Neurons vs. Neuroglial Cells
Neurons
- transmit electrical signals within central nervous system
- consist of large cell body, dendrites, and axons
Neuroglial Cells
- very small cells that surround and support neurons
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Description: striated muscle fibers with multi-nucleated cells
Location: between and connecting bones
- have voluntary contraction control
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Description: short, branched, striated fibers connected by intercallated disks
Location: Heart
- have involuntary contraction control
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Description: very smooth looking, few physical characteristics, NOT striated
Location: walls of hollow organs (i.e. stomach)
- have involuntary contraction control
Epidermis Layers
(Top to bottom)
1. Stratum Corneum
2. Stratum Lucidum
3. Stratum Granulosum
4. Stratum Spinosum
5. Stratum Basale
Dermis Layers
(Top to bottom)
1. Papillary Layer
2. Reticular Layer
Hair Shaft
Composed of dead, keratinized epithelial cells projecting from skin surface
Hair Root
Enclosed by hair follicle below skin surface
Erector Pili Muscle
Bundle of smooth muscle fibers attached to dermal root sheath; causes goosebumps
Hair Bulb
Knob-like base of hair root
Root Hair Plexus
Sensory nerves wrapped around hair bulb
Eccrine Sweat Glands
Primary function: temperature regulation
- distributed all over body
- secretes sweat made up of 99% water, plus salt and waste
- coiled portion found in dermis, duct extends through epidermis and skin surface
Apocrine Sweat Glands
- found in anogenital areas, axillae (armpits), and areola around nipples
- larger deeper coils found in dermis, ducts empty into hair follicles
- activated by puberty, pain, stress, and sexual stimulation
Fun fact: sweat released contains proteins that get metabolized by bacteria on skin and cause body odor
Sebaceous Sweat Glands
Aka Exocrine Glands
- secrete sebum into hair follicles and onto skin
- sebum = oily, acidic lubricant that softens, moistens, and prevents infectious growth
- found everywhere except palms and soles of feet
