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A&P 1 > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Superior

A

Toward the head

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2
Q

Inferior

A

Toward the tail or feet

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3
Q

Anterior

A

Toward front of body (aka - “ventral”)

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4
Q

Posterior

A

Toward back of body (aka - dorsal)

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5
Q

Lateral

A

Farther from midline

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6
Q

Medial

A

Closer to midline

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7
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to trunk of body

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8
Q

Distal

A

Farther from trunk of body

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9
Q

Superficial

A

Toward the surface / skin

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10
Q

Deep

A

Farther from surface / skin

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11
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Houses the brain

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12
Q

Vertebral cavity

A

Houses the spinal cord

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13
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Contains: pleural (left + right), mediastinum, and pericardial cavities

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14
Q

Mediastinum cavity

A

Contains: trachea, bronchi, and esophagus

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15
Q

Pleural cavities

A

Houses the lungs

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16
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Houses the heart

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17
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Contains: abdominal and pelvic cavities

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18
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Houses the digestive organs

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19
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Contains: urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

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20
Q

Serous membranes

A

Thin double-layered sacs surrounding most organs

  • parietal layer = inside
  • visceral layer = outside
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21
Q

Midsagittal plane of section

A

Divides the body into left and right sections

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22
Q

Parasagittal plane of section

A

Divides the body into unequal left and right sections

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23
Q

Frontal plane of section

A

Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

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24
Q

Transverse plane of section

A

Divides the body into:

  • Superior and inferior sections
    OR
  • proximal and distal sections
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25
Q

Integumentary system

A
  • Skin, hair, and nails
  • retains water, protects body from external enviro., and regulates body temp
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26
Q

Skeletal system

A
  • Bones + joints
  • supports body and movement, protects organs, produces blood cells, and stores calcium
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27
Q

Muscular system

A

Produces movement and generates heat

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28
Q

Nervous system

A
  • Includes brain, spinal cord, and nerves
  • regulates body functions (fast-acting), provides mental functions, nerve and electrical impulses
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29
Q

Endocrine system

A
  • Includes glands, ovaries, and testes
  • regulates body functions (slow-acting) through secretion of hormones
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30
Q

Cardiovascular system

A
  • Includes blood vessels and heart
  • pumps and delivers oxygenated blood to tissues, removes waste from tissues, transports cells + nutrients
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31
Q

Lymphatic system

A
  • includes lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen
  • returns excess tissue fluid to cardio system and provides protection against disease
32
Q

Respiratory system

A
  • Includes pharynx, larynx, trachea, and lungs
  • delivers O2 to blood, removes CO2 from body, and balances pH
33
Q

Digestive system

A
  • Includes mouth, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, and intestines
  • digests food / removes waste, absorbs nutrients into blood, maintains fluids and electrolytes
34
Q

Urinary system

A
  • Includes kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra

-removes metabolic waste from blood, stimulates blood cell production

35
Q

Reproductive system

A
  • produces and transports gametes, secretes hormones, sexual function
36
Q

Homeostasis

A

The process by which the body maintains internal physiological stability

37
Q

Negative feedback loop

A
  • A stimulus elicits a physiological response that opposes an initial change in a regulated variable

Example: regulation of body temp, oxygen, and fluids

38
Q

Positive feedback loop

A
  • Activity increases and reinforces the original stimulus
  • much less common than negative feedback loops

Example: injury in blood vessel initiates blood clotting

39
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

SKIN

  • Covers + lines all body surfaces and cavities
  • defined by number of cell layers (simple vs. Stratified) and shape of cells (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar)

Functions: transport, absorption, secretion, protection

40
Q

Connective tissue

A

Functions: binding, support, protection, and transport

  • usually consists of scattered cells embedded in extracellular matrix
  • proper CT: loose, dense, reticular, and adipose
  • specialized CT: cartilage, bone, and blood
41
Q

Nervous tissue

A
  • includes neurons and neuroglial cells
  • located in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Functions: sensory input and motor output via electrical signals

42
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Skeletal (attached to bone), cardiac (found in the heart), and smooth muscles (lines hollow organs)

Function: contraction and movement (voluntary or involuntary)

43
Q

Simple squamous epithelial

A

Description: 1 layer, flat cells

Location: air sacs of lungs

44
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelial

A

Description: 1 layer, cube shaped

Location: kidney tubules, thyroid, mammary glands

45
Q

Simple columnar epithelial

A

Description: 1 layer, rectangular

Location: digestive tract (stomach to anus), gallbladder, uterine tubes

46
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelial

A

Description: 1 layer (looks like more, but all cells touch basement membrane), rectangular, has cilia on top

Location: nasal cavity, upper respiratory passages (i.e. Trachea)

47
Q

Stratified squamous epithelial - keratinized

A

Description: multi-layed, flat cells, dead keratin-filled apical cells on top (no nuclei)

Location: epidermis

48
Q

Stratified squamous epithelial - nonkeratinized

A

Description: multi-layered, flat cells, alive apical cells on top

Location: mouth, esophagus, anus, vagina

49
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelial

A

Description: 2+ layers, cube-shaped

Location: ducts of sweat and mammary glands

50
Q

Stratified columnar epithelia

A

Description: 2+ layers, rectangular

Location: ducts of salivary glands

51
Q

Transitional epithelia

A

Description: multi-layered, able to stretch and change shape based off needs

Location: urinary bladder

52
Q

Loose / areolar connective tissue

A

Description: looks like random lines going in different directions, contains fibroblasts and protein fibers

Location: under epithelium, hollow organs, body cavity membranes

53
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Description: contains fibroblasts and unstructured collagen

Location: dermis, around joints

54
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Description: contains fibroblasts and more organized collagen fibers

Location: tendons, ligaments

55
Q

Dense elastic connective tissue

A

Description: squiggly (hair) elastic fibers allow for stretch and recoil

Location: large blood vessels

56
Q

Reticular connective tissue

A

Description: reticular fibers (dark green) and leukocytes (purple)

Location: lymph nodes, spleen, liver

57
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A

Description: white adipocytes provide warmth, energy, and shock absorption / protection

Location: deep skin, surrounds heart and abdominal organs

58
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Description: chondrocytes (googly eyes) scattered throughout ECM

Location: between bones/ joints, tip of nose, costal cartilage of ribs

59
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Description: chondrocytes (googly eyes) and collagen fibers in ECM

Location: intervertebral discs, knee meniscus

60
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Description: chondrocytes and (hair) elastic fibers in ECM, helps maintain shape and flexibility

Location: ears, epiglottis

61
Q

Bone Tissue

A

Description: calcified ECM in circles (osteons) with lacunae (housing osteocytes)

Location: Bones

62
Q

Blood Tissue

A

Description: plasma, erythrocytes (red cells), and leukocytes (white cells)

Location: blood vessels and heart

63
Q

Neurons vs. Neuroglial Cells

A

Neurons
- transmit electrical signals within central nervous system
- consist of large cell body, dendrites, and axons

Neuroglial Cells
- very small cells that surround and support neurons

64
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

Description: striated muscle fibers with multi-nucleated cells

Location: between and connecting bones

  • have voluntary contraction control
65
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

Description: short, branched, striated fibers connected by intercallated disks

Location: Heart

  • have involuntary contraction control
66
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

Description: very smooth looking, few physical characteristics, NOT striated

Location: walls of hollow organs (i.e. stomach)

  • have involuntary contraction control
67
Q

Epidermis Layers

A

(Top to bottom)
1. Stratum Corneum
2. Stratum Lucidum
3. Stratum Granulosum
4. Stratum Spinosum
5. Stratum Basale

68
Q

Dermis Layers

A

(Top to bottom)
1. Papillary Layer
2. Reticular Layer

69
Q

Hair Shaft

A

Composed of dead, keratinized epithelial cells projecting from skin surface

70
Q

Hair Root

A

Enclosed by hair follicle below skin surface

71
Q

Erector Pili Muscle

A

Bundle of smooth muscle fibers attached to dermal root sheath; causes goosebumps

72
Q

Hair Bulb

A

Knob-like base of hair root

73
Q

Root Hair Plexus

A

Sensory nerves wrapped around hair bulb

74
Q

Eccrine Sweat Glands

A

Primary function: temperature regulation

  • distributed all over body
  • secretes sweat made up of 99% water, plus salt and waste
  • coiled portion found in dermis, duct extends through epidermis and skin surface
75
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands

A
  • found in anogenital areas, axillae (armpits), and areola around nipples
  • larger deeper coils found in dermis, ducts empty into hair follicles
  • activated by puberty, pain, stress, and sexual stimulation

Fun fact: sweat released contains proteins that get metabolized by bacteria on skin and cause body odor

76
Q

Sebaceous Sweat Glands

A

Aka Exocrine Glands

  • secrete sebum into hair follicles and onto skin
  • sebum = oily, acidic lubricant that softens, moistens, and prevents infectious growth
  • found everywhere except palms and soles of feet

A&P 1 (10 decks)

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