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A&P 1 > Chapter 11 MyL&M Q's > Flashcards

Chapter 11 MyL&M Q's Flashcards

1
Q

The two structural divisions of the nervous system are ______.

A

CNS and PNS

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2
Q

Which nervous system is responsible for the integration of sensory information?

A

CNS

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3
Q

Neurons that relay information within the CNS and are the location of the information processing are called ______.

A

Interneurons

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4
Q

The conducting region of the neuron is the _____.

A

Axon

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5
Q

During an action potential, hyperpolarization is caused by _____.

A

An efflux of K+ ions after returning to resting potential

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6
Q

The channels that open when the axolemma reaches threshold depolarization are the _____.

A

Voltage-gated Na+ channels

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7
Q

The relative refractory period is caused by ______.

A

Hyperpolarization

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8
Q

Action potential propagation in unmyelinated axons happens via ______.

A

Continuous conduction

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9
Q

Depolarization to threshold during action potential propagation in axons is due to ____.

A

Diffusion of Na+ down to the next segment of the axon

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10
Q

Why is the resting membrane potential negatively charged?

A

More K+ leaks out of the neuron than move in

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11
Q

The influx of positive charges makes the membrane potential more positive and is known as ______,

A

Depolarization

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12
Q

The majority of synapses in the nervous system are ______.

A

Chemical

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13
Q

A neurotransmitter may have an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the postsynaptic cell, based on _____.

A

The receptor to which it binds

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14
Q

The most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain is _____.

A

Glutamate

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15
Q

A neural circuit pattern in which the signal goes from several neurons to one is called ____.

A

A converging circuit

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16
Q

What part of the neuron communicates with a target cell and serves as the secretory region of the cell?

A

Axon terminals

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17
Q

What is the ciliated neuroglial cell that functions to circulate cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Ependymal cells

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18
Q

What structure found in the PNS promotes regeneration of a damaged axon?

A

Schwann cells

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19
Q

What neuroglial cells surround and support the cell bodies of neurons and have intertwined processes that link them with other parts of the neuron?

A

Satellite cells

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20
Q

What characteristic of the myelin sheath makes it such an excellent insulator for axons?

A

High lipid content

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21
Q

The ANS carries signals to _______.

A

Glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

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22
Q

What forms the white matter of the spinal cord?

A

Myelinated axons

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23
Q

Most sensory neurons, such as ones found in special sense organs, are structurally classified as _____.

A

Bipolar

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24
Q

The most common type of neuron in the human body is ______.

A

Multipolar

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25
Q

The majority of neurons are functionally classified as _______.

A

Interneurons

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26
Q

Regulation of heart rate, blood pressure, and digestive functions are carried out by the _____.

A

ANS

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27
Q

What structure contains the bulk of the Schwann cell’s cytoplasm and organelles?

A

Neurolemma

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28
Q

What are clusters of cell bodies within the PNS called?

A

Ganglia

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29
Q

Which neuroglial cells help form the blood-brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

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30
Q

What type of neuron carries info toward the CNS?

A

Afferent / sensory

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31
Q

What cell type forms the myelin sheath in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

32
Q

Which division of the PNS carries signals from bones, joints, skin, and organs of vision to the CNS?

A

Somatic Sensory

33
Q

What is the most metabolically active part of the neuron?

A

Soma / Cell body

34
Q

Which neuroglia would be more likely to form a brain tumor because of their ability to rapidly divide following brain injury?

A

Astrocytes

35
Q

What neuron structure does not contain protein-making organelles?

A

Axon

36
Q

Bundles of axons known as “tracts” are part of the _____, whereas “nerves” are part of the ______?

A

CNS; PNS

37
Q

Which effector is controlled by the somatic motor division: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, or glands?

A

Skeletal muscle

38
Q

What must be intact for a neuron to regenerate in the PNS?

A

Cell body

39
Q

What is the sequence of structures that indicates the direction of an electrical signal carried through a multipolar neuron?

A

Dendrites –> Cell body –> Axon

40
Q

What type of channel opens in response to a chemical binding to a receptor on the channel?

A

Ligand-gated

41
Q

The influx of positive charges makes the membrane potential more positive and is known as _____.

A

Depolarization

42
Q

What is the period during an action potential when a nerve fiber cannot be stimulated to produce an additional action potential no matter how strong the stimulus?

A

Absolute refractory period

43
Q

What ion triggers synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft?

A

Calcium

44
Q

What are the structural components of chemical synapses?

A

Synaptic vesicles, synaptic cleft, and neurotransmitter receptors (NOT gap juntion)

45
Q

Where are voltage-gated channels most abundant?

A

Axolemma

46
Q

What characteristic is the fundamental process for most functions of the nervous system?

A

Synaptic transmission

47
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron?

A

-70 mV

48
Q

Influx of which ions can cause an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) to be produced?

A

Chloride ions

49
Q

What is the process of putting together all the excitatory and inhibitory stimuli that determine whether a neuron will or will not fire an action potential?

A

Neural integration

50
Q

The majority of synapses in the nervous system are ____.

A

Chemical

51
Q

What type of fiber has the largest diameter?

A

Type A

Type B fibers are intermediate and Type C fibers are the smallest/slowest

52
Q

During saltatory conduction, action potentials are generated where?

A

Only at nodes of Ranvier of myelinated axons

53
Q

What are the characteristics of local potentials?

A

they are reversible, also called graded potentials, and decremental in nature (NOT useful for long distances)

54
Q

What mechanisms terminate the effects of a neurotransmitter?

A
  1. Degradation by enzymes in the synaptic cleft
  2. Reuptake by the presynaptic neuron
  3. Diffusion away from the synaptic cleft and uptake by glial cells
55
Q

A series of measurements with a voltmeter show a neuron’s membrane potential becoming more negative, from –70 mV to –85 mV. This neuron is experiencing a _____.

A

Hyperpolarization phase

56
Q

Resting membrane potential is maintained by the Na+/K+ ATPase, which brings ______ potassium ions into the cytosol and ______ sodium ions into the extracellular fluid.

A

2 K+ and 3 Na+

57
Q

What are the structural types of synapses?

A

Axodendritic, axoaxonic, and axosomatic

58
Q

What type of ion channel is always open?

A

Leak

59
Q

What type of fiber has the slowest conduction speed?

A

Type C (smallest & slowest)

60
Q

What event occurs when EPSPs arrive repidly at a single synapse?

A

Temporal summation

61
Q

What channels open in response to changes in membrane potential?

A

Voltage-gated

62
Q

How many connections from different presynaptic neurons does an average neuron have?

A

10,000

63
Q

What kind of conduction occurs when each section of the axolemma has to be depolarized to threshold in sequence along the entire axolemma for a current to spread down the length of the axon?

A

Continuous

63
Q

Which neuron delivers a message to a target cell: presynaptic or postsynaptic?

A

Presynaptic

63
Q

What are the three types of catecholamines?

A

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine

64
Q

Which neuropeptide neurotransmitter is released from fibers transmitting sensory information about pain and temperature?

A

Substance P

65
Q

Which neurotransmitter is widely used by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), where it influences functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion?

A

Norepinephrine

66
Q

What is the response of the presynaptic neuron after acetylcholinesterase (AChE) acts?

A

Reabsorbs choline

67
Q

What effects occur when neuromodulators bind to metabotropic receptors?

A
  1. Increase or decrease in neurotransmitter release from a presynaptic neuron
  2. Affect the sensitivity of the postsynaptic membrane
  3. Alter gene transcription

(NOT degenerate synaptic vesicles)

68
Q

Cholinergic synapses use the neurotransmitter ______.

A

Acetylcholine

69
Q

What is thought to be one of the major neurotransmitters involved in mood regulation, motor behaviors, feeding behaviors, and daily rhythms and is a common target in the treatment of depression?

A

Serotonin

70
Q

Neuronal pools are located within ______.

A

The CNS

71
Q

Which neurotransmitters are strictly inhibitory?

A

Glycine and GABA

72
Q

What is considered to be the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

Glutamate

73
Q

How many neurotransmitters operating in the human nervous system have been identified?

A

Over 100

74
Q

What type of neurotransmitter receptors elicit much slower changes in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron, but the effects are typically longer lasting and more varied?

A

Metabotropic receptors

A&P 1 (10 decks)

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