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AU14 Physiology > EX 2: The Vascular System > Flashcards

EX 2: The Vascular System Flashcards

1
Q

These are the main transporters of oxygenated blood

A

arteries

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2
Q

In these, the diameter is adjusted to regulate blood flow

A

arterioles

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3
Q

There is where diffusion occurs across thin walls

A

capillaries

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4
Q

What are three functions of the endothelial cell monolayer of capillariers

A

physical lining
permeable barrier for exchange
secrete paracrine agents that induce vasodilation or vasoconstriction

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5
Q

Pulses of pressure move throughout the vasculature decreasing in what with distance

A

amplitude

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6
Q

What is the maximum arterials pressure

A

systolic pressure

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7
Q

What is the minimum arterial pressure

A

diastolic pressure

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8
Q

What is pulse pressure

A

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

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9
Q

What three things is pulse pressure determined by

A

stroke volume
speed of ejection of the stroke volume
arterial compliance (resist recoil)

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10
Q

What is the equation for compliance

A

change in volume
divided by
change in pressure

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11
Q

What is the long equation of MAP

A

DP + 1/3(SP+DP)

spend most of our time in diastole, only 1/3 in systole

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12
Q

The blood moved in a
single heart contraction
stretches out the arteries,
so what happens during diastole

A

their recoil
continues to push
on the blood, keeping it
moving during diastole.

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13
Q

This is the pressure driving blood into the tissues averaged over the cardiac cycle

A

MAP

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14
Q

In arterioles, the flow of an organ equals what

A

MAP/resistance of the organ

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15
Q

The smooth muscle cells of the arterioles can do what two things

A

relax

contract

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16
Q

Dynamic adjustments in the blood distribution to the organs is accomplished by what

A

relaxation and contraction of circular smooth muscle in the arterioles

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17
Q

The intrinsic tone of the arterioles is controlled by what two things

A

local controls

extrinsic controls

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18
Q

Active hyperemia and flow autoregulation differ in their cause but both result in what

A

the production of the same local signals that provoke vasodilation

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19
Q

What would happen with decreased metabolic activity or increase arterial pressure?

A

If you decrease MAP you will decrease flow to 2 different organs, unless you change resistance

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20
Q

In active hyperemia, an increase in metabolites in organ interstitial fluid and a decrease in O2 will have what affect

A

vasodilation

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21
Q

In flow autoregulation, a decrease in O2 and an increase in metabolites of an organ will cause what

A

vasodilation

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22
Q

What two things control the intrinsic tone of the arterioles

A

local controls; active hyperemia and flow autoregulation

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23
Q

This is the accumulation of Co2, H, K, eicosanoids, adenosine, bradykinin, and NO. Which controls intrinsic control of the arterioles

A

active hyperemia

24
Q

What are the two responses of flow autoregulation

A

myogenic response

reactive hyperemia

25
Q

This is when some arteriolar smooth muscle responds to increase stretch caused by an increased pressure by contracting to a greater extent

A

myogenic response (flow autoregulation

26
Q

This the response to cessation of blood flow

A

reactive hypermia (flow autoregulation)

27
Q

Sympathetic stimulation (NE) of these receptors causes vasoconstriction to decrease blood flow to that location

A

alpha-adrenergic

28
Q

Sympathetic stimulation (E) of these receptors leads to vasodilation to cause an increase in blood flow to that location

A

beta-adrenergic

29
Q

Where are the alpha receptors located

A

vessels

30
Q

Where are beta receptors located

A

atraia and ventricles

31
Q

What are the four extrinsic controls of the arterioles

A

sympathetic nerves
parasympathetic nerves
non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic autonomic neurons
hormones

32
Q

What are the two paracrine effects of the arterioles

A

vasodilators

vasoconstrictors

33
Q

What are two vasodilators with paracrine function

A

endothelium derived relaxing factor; EDRF

prostacyclin

34
Q

What is a vasoconstrictor with paracrine effects

A

endothelin-1

35
Q

What are the two endothelial controls on the arterioles

A

paracrine effects

flow induced arterial vasodilation

36
Q

Diversity among signals that influence contraction/relaxation in circular smooth muscle implies what

A

a diversity of receptors and transduction mechanisms

37
Q

What are the two locally controlled organs

A

brain and heart

38
Q

What are four the neurally controlled organs

A

skin
muscle
GI
kidney

39
Q

When do the skin and muscles become under local control

A

when exercising

40
Q

Capillaries lack this

A

smooth muscle

41
Q

What detrained the volume of blood each capillary receives

A

contraction/relaxation of circular smooth muscles in upstream met arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

42
Q

There are many, many capillaries, each with slow-moving blood in it, resulting in what

A

adequate time and surface area for exchange between the capillary blood and ISF

43
Q

This is the movement of fluid and solutes out of the blood

A

filtration

44
Q

This is the movement of fluid and solutes into the blood

A

absorption

45
Q

These two things favor fluid movement out of the capillary

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure (PC)

osmotic force due to interstitial fluid protein concentration (Ħif)

46
Q

These two things favor movement into the capillary

A

interstitial hydrostatic pressure (Pif)

osmotic forse due to plasma protein concentration (Ħc

47
Q

These are low molecular weight penetrating solutes

A

crystalloids

48
Q

These are non-penetrating plasma proteins

A

colloids

49
Q

What is the net filtration pressure equation

A

Pc + Ħif - Pf - Ħc

50
Q

If an accident victim loses 1L of blood, why would IV injection of plasma be more effective for replacing the lost volume

A

protein gets into capillaries therefore keeping the water in the capillaries

51
Q

At rest, approximately what percentage of the total blood volume is in the veins

A

60%

52
Q

This can substantially increase venous return to the heart

A

sympathetically mediated venoconstiriction

53
Q

Venus flow is assisted by what

A

the skeletal muscle pump mechanism working in combination with one-way valves

54
Q

Alterations in “venous return” can alter what

A

end-diastolic volume

55
Q

An increase in EDV directly increases what

A

stroke volume and cardiac output

56
Q

This is formed by the slight mismatch between filtration and absorption in the capillaries, returns the blood in the veins

A

lymphatic fluid

57
Q

What three things can cause abnormalities of the lymphatic system

A

congenital traumatic or infectious etiologies

AU14 Physiology (24 decks)

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