EX 2: The Vascular System

Question 1

These are the main transporters of oxygenated blood

Answer 1

arteries

Question 2

In these, the diameter is adjusted to regulate blood flow

Answer 2

arterioles

Question 3

There is where diffusion occurs across thin walls

Answer 3

capillaries

Question 4

What are three functions of the endothelial cell monolayer of capillariers

Answer 4

physical lining
permeable barrier for exchange
secrete paracrine agents that induce vasodilation or vasoconstriction

Question 5

Pulses of pressure move throughout the vasculature decreasing in what with distance

Answer 5

amplitude

Question 6

What is the maximum arterials pressure

Answer 6

systolic pressure

Question 7

What is the minimum arterial pressure

Answer 7

diastolic pressure

Question 8

What is pulse pressure

Answer 8

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

Question 9

What three things is pulse pressure determined by

Answer 9

stroke volume
speed of ejection of the stroke volume
arterial compliance (resist recoil)

Question 10

What is the equation for compliance

Answer 10

change in volume
divided by
change in pressure

Question 11

What is the long equation of MAP

Answer 11

DP + 1/3(SP+DP)

spend most of our time in diastole, only 1/3 in systole

Question 12

The blood moved in a
single heart contraction
stretches out the arteries,
so what happens during diastole

Answer 12

their recoil
continues to push
on the blood, keeping it
moving during diastole.

Question 13

This is the pressure driving blood into the tissues averaged over the cardiac cycle

Answer 13

MAP

Question 14

In arterioles, the flow of an organ equals what

Answer 14

MAP/resistance of the organ

Question 15

The smooth muscle cells of the arterioles can do what two things

Answer 15

relax

contract

Question 16

Dynamic adjustments in the blood distribution to the organs is accomplished by what

Answer 16

relaxation and contraction of circular smooth muscle in the arterioles

Question 17

The intrinsic tone of the arterioles is controlled by what two things

Answer 17

local controls

extrinsic controls

Question 18

Active hyperemia and flow autoregulation differ in their cause but both result in what

Answer 18

the production of the same local signals that provoke vasodilation

Question 19

What would happen with decreased metabolic activity or increase arterial pressure?

Answer 19

If you decrease MAP you will decrease flow to 2 different organs, unless you change resistance

Question 20

In active hyperemia, an increase in metabolites in organ interstitial fluid and a decrease in O2 will have what affect

Answer 20

vasodilation

Question 21

In flow autoregulation, a decrease in O2 and an increase in metabolites of an organ will cause what

Answer 21

vasodilation

Question 22

What two things control the intrinsic tone of the arterioles

Answer 22

local controls; active hyperemia and flow autoregulation

Question 23

This is the accumulation of Co2, H, K, eicosanoids, adenosine, bradykinin, and NO. Which controls intrinsic control of the arterioles

Answer 23

active hyperemia

Question 24

What are the two responses of flow autoregulation

Answer 24

myogenic response

reactive hyperemia

Question 25

This is when some arteriolar smooth muscle responds to increase stretch caused by an increased pressure by contracting to a greater extent

Answer 25

myogenic response (flow autoregulation

Question 26

This the response to cessation of blood flow

Answer 26

reactive hypermia (flow autoregulation)

Question 27

Sympathetic stimulation (NE) of these receptors causes vasoconstriction to decrease blood flow to that location

Answer 27

alpha-adrenergic

Question 28

Sympathetic stimulation (E) of these receptors leads to vasodilation to cause an increase in blood flow to that location

Answer 28

beta-adrenergic

Question 29

Where are the alpha receptors located

Answer 29

vessels

Question 30

Where are beta receptors located

Answer 30

atraia and ventricles

Question 31

What are the four extrinsic controls of the arterioles

Answer 31

sympathetic nerves parasympathetic nerves non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic autonomic neurons hormones

Question 32

What are the two paracrine effects of the arterioles

Answer 32

vasodilators | vasoconstrictors

Question 33

What are two vasodilators with paracrine function

Answer 33

endothelium derived relaxing factor; EDRF | prostacyclin

Question 34

What is a vasoconstrictor with paracrine effects

Answer 34

endothelin-1

Question 35

What are the two endothelial controls on the arterioles

Answer 35

paracrine effects | flow induced arterial vasodilation

Question 36

Diversity among signals that influence contraction/relaxation in circular smooth muscle implies what

Answer 36

a diversity of receptors and transduction mechanisms

Question 37

What are the two locally controlled organs

Answer 37

brain and heart

Question 38

What are four the neurally controlled organs

Answer 38

skin muscle GI kidney

Question 39

When do the skin and muscles become under local control

Answer 39

when exercising

Question 40

Capillaries lack this

Answer 40

smooth muscle

Question 41

What detrained the volume of blood each capillary receives

Answer 41

contraction/relaxation of circular smooth muscles in upstream met arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

Question 42

There are many, many capillaries, each with slow-moving blood in it, resulting in what

Answer 42

adequate time and surface area for exchange between the capillary blood and ISF

Question 43

This is the movement of fluid and solutes out of the blood

Answer 43

filtration

Question 44

This is the movement of fluid and solutes into the blood

Answer 44

absorption

Question 45

These two things favor fluid movement out of the capillary

Answer 45

capillary hydrostatic pressure (PC) | osmotic force due to interstitial fluid protein concentration (Ħif)

Question 46

These two things favor movement into the capillary

Answer 46

interstitial hydrostatic pressure (Pif) | osmotic forse due to plasma protein concentration (Ħc

Question 47

These are low molecular weight penetrating solutes

Answer 47

crystalloids

Question 48

These are non-penetrating plasma proteins

Answer 48

colloids

Question 49

What is the net filtration pressure equation

Answer 49

Pc + Ħif - Pf - Ħc

Question 50

If an accident victim loses 1L of blood, why would IV injection of plasma be more effective for replacing the lost volume

Answer 50

protein gets into capillaries therefore keeping the water in the capillaries

Question 51

At rest, approximately what percentage of the total blood volume is in the veins

Answer 51

60%

Question 52

This can substantially increase venous return to the heart

Answer 52

sympathetically mediated venoconstiriction

Question 53

Venus flow is assisted by what

Answer 53

the skeletal muscle pump mechanism working in combination with one-way valves

Question 54

Alterations in "venous return" can alter what

Answer 54

end-diastolic volume

Question 55

An increase in EDV directly increases what

Answer 55

stroke volume and cardiac output

Question 56

This is formed by the slight mismatch between filtration and absorption in the capillaries, returns the blood in the veins

Answer 56

lymphatic fluid

Question 57

What three things can cause abnormalities of the lymphatic system

Answer 57

congenital traumatic or infectious etiologies