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AU14 Physiology > EX 2; Adrenal Gland > Flashcards

EX 2; Adrenal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the adrenal gland located

A

on top of each kidney

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2
Q

What are the two portions of the adrenal gland

A 
adrenal medulla (inner)
adrenal cortex (outer)
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3
Q

This portion of the adrenal gland develops from neural crest cells

A

medulla

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4
Q

This portion of the adrenal gland is part of the endocrine system (not nervous)

A

cortex

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5
Q

This portion of the adrenal gland develops from intermediate mesoderm

A

cortex

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6
Q

This portion of the adrenal gland is part of the sympathetic nervous system

A

medulla

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7
Q

This portion of the adrenal gland secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

medulla

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8
Q

This portion of the adrenal gland secretes steroid hormones

A

cortex

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9
Q

The medulla contains terminals of prganglionic axons which release what

A

acetylcholine

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10
Q

These types of cells in the medulla have no axons

A

postganglionic cells (chromaffin cells)

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11
Q

Why is the adrenal medulla classified as a gland

A

because E and NE are released from chromaffin cells into the blood rather than a synapse

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12
Q

The action of phenyl-N-methyltransferase means that most of the secreted hormone in the medulla is what

A

epinephrine

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13
Q

Why is NE and E also released from the medulla if it is already stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

A

the synapse is quickly shut off and this allows for E to stay in the blood
allows for the release of glucose for “fight or flight”

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14
Q

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

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15
Q

This layer of the cortex is the outer most layer

A

zona glomerulosa

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16
Q

This layer of the cortex is the middle layer

A

zona fasciculata

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17
Q

This layer of the cortex is the innermost layer (the medulla is deep to it)

A

zona reticularis

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18
Q

Aldosterone (mineralcorticoid) is secreted in this zona

A

glomerulosa

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19
Q

DHEA and androstenedione are secreted in this zona

A

reticularis

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20
Q

Cortisol and corticosterone (glucocorticoids) are secreted in this zona

A

fasciculata

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21
Q

Steriods are secrete in response to this, except aldosterone secretion is regulated more strongly by other signals

A

ACTH

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22
Q

Zona glomerulosa contains high levels of what, and is deficient in the enzymes that convert corticosterone to cortisol or androgens

A

aldosterone synthase

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23
Q

What is the principle action of aldosterone

A

stimulate Na and H20 retention in the kidney; maintaining blood volume (Na out of the blood)

24
Q

What three things is aldosterone secretion stimulated by

A

increase in plasma angiotension II, ACTH, or K
decrease in plasma pH
decrease in blood pressure

25
Q

Increase sodium intake inhibits what

A

secretion of aldosterone

26
Q

Which is more physiologically important, cortisol or corticosterone

A

cortisol

27
Q

Glucocorticoid synthesis and secretion is regulated by what

A

ACTH

28
Q

ACTH release is stimulated by what in response to neural input

A

CRH

29
Q

What kind of feedback mechanism on CRH and ACTH does cortisol have

A

negative feedback

30
Q

What are the two major effects of glucocorticoids

A

increase metabolic fuel availability and use

31
Q

What are two minor effects of glucocorticoids that become important during a stress response

A

maintain blood pressure

inhibits non-essential function

32
Q

This is a precursor of other sex steroids so it serves as a reservoir for conversion in other tissues

A

DHEA

33
Q

Where is DHEA also produced

A 
gonads
skin
brain
fat
peripheral concentrations indicative of adrenal activity
34
Q

This is an extragonadal source of testosterone and estradiol that can be made from DHEA, regulated by ACTH

A

androstenedione

35
Q

What differs about sex steroid production in pre and post menopausal women

A

pre; adrenal secretion same as ovarian

post; adrenal is sole source

36
Q

What three things are influenced by the sex steroids (DHEA, androstenedione)

A

mood
hair growth
erythropoiesis

37
Q

This individual was among the first to view the stress response as adaptive, i.e a good thing

A

Hans Selye

38
Q

A stress response stimulates what

A

hypothalamic CRH neurons and input to the SNS

39
Q

SNS activation results in specific organ responses as well as what

A

increased circulating epinephrine from the adrenal medulla; rapid response

40
Q

Activation of the HPA axis results in increased cortisol secretion which increases what

A

the availability of metabolic fuel and regulation of other functions; this is a delayed response

41
Q

What are the three primary goals of the human stress response

A

maintain blood pressure
mobilize metabolic fuel or increase availability
inhibit non-essential functions that would otherwise use energy needed to combat the stressor

42
Q

Cortisol maintains circulating concentrations of what by stimulating synthesis of liver enzymes needed for gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

A

blood glucose

43
Q

Gluccocorticoids have what two actions

A

anti-inflammatory
anti-immune
(inhibitory cytokines)

44
Q

Effects of chronic SNS activation are confounded or aggravated by the increased action of cortisol, which effects what two conditions

A

atherosclerosis

hypertension

45
Q

What turn a short term response into chronic activation

A

inability to shut off the response

46
Q

This disease is caused by adrenal insufficiency

A

Addison’s disease (JFK)

47
Q

Complete lack of cortisol is what

A

fatal

48
Q

What are three causes for primary adrenal insufficiency

A

disease
congenital disorder
autoimmune disorder

49
Q

What are two causes for secondary adrenal insufficiency

A

pituitary problem

glucocorticoid problem

50
Q

What is a ramification for dentistry involving adrenal insufficiency

A

hyperpigmentation

51
Q

What are two symptoms of adrenal insufficiency

A

low cortisol and high ACTH

hyperpigmentation

52
Q

How would you treat adrenal insufficiency

A

exogenous glucocorticoids

53
Q

Hypercortisolinemia is also know as what

A

Cushing’s disease

54
Q

What is the primary cause of Cushing’s disease

A

pituitary tumor

55
Q

What are four symptoms of Cushing’s

A

excess tissue catabolism especially in bone, skin, and fat
diabetes-like symptoms
impaired immune function
threat of hypertension

56
Q

What is the treatment for Cushing’s

A

surgical removal of the tumor

57
Q

What is a ramification of Cushing’s on dentistry

A

mostly concerned with excess cortisol impairing the immune response after a procedure

AU14 Physiology (24 decks)

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