EX 2; Adrenal Gland

Question 1

Where is the adrenal gland located

Answer 1

on top of each kidney

Question 2

What are the two portions of the adrenal gland

Answer 2

adrenal medulla (inner)
adrenal cortex (outer)

Question 3

This portion of the adrenal gland develops from neural crest cells

Answer 3

medulla

Question 4

This portion of the adrenal gland is part of the endocrine system (not nervous)

Answer 4

cortex

Question 5

This portion of the adrenal gland develops from intermediate mesoderm

Answer 5

cortex

Question 6

This portion of the adrenal gland is part of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 6

medulla

Question 7

This portion of the adrenal gland secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 7

medulla

Question 8

This portion of the adrenal gland secretes steroid hormones

Answer 8

cortex

Question 9

The medulla contains terminals of prganglionic axons which release what

Answer 9

acetylcholine

Question 10

These types of cells in the medulla have no axons

Answer 10

postganglionic cells (chromaffin cells)

Question 11

Why is the adrenal medulla classified as a gland

Answer 11

because E and NE are released from chromaffin cells into the blood rather than a synapse

Question 12

The action of phenyl-N-methyltransferase means that most of the secreted hormone in the medulla is what

Answer 12

epinephrine

Question 13

Why is NE and E also released from the medulla if it is already stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 13

the synapse is quickly shut off and this allows for E to stay in the blood
allows for the release of glucose for “fight or flight”

Question 14

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex

Answer 14

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

Question 15

This layer of the cortex is the outer most layer

Answer 15

zona glomerulosa

Question 16

This layer of the cortex is the middle layer

Answer 16

zona fasciculata

Question 17

This layer of the cortex is the innermost layer (the medulla is deep to it)

Answer 17

zona reticularis

Question 18

Aldosterone (mineralcorticoid) is secreted in this zona

Answer 18

glomerulosa

Question 19

DHEA and androstenedione are secreted in this zona

Answer 19

reticularis

Question 20

Cortisol and corticosterone (glucocorticoids) are secreted in this zona

Answer 20

fasciculata

Question 21

Steriods are secrete in response to this, except aldosterone secretion is regulated more strongly by other signals

Answer 21

ACTH

Question 22

Zona glomerulosa contains high levels of what, and is deficient in the enzymes that convert corticosterone to cortisol or androgens

Answer 22

aldosterone synthase

Question 23

What is the principle action of aldosterone

Answer 23

stimulate Na and H20 retention in the kidney; maintaining blood volume (Na out of the blood)

Question 24

What three things is aldosterone secretion stimulated by

Answer 24

increase in plasma angiotension II, ACTH, or K
decrease in plasma pH
decrease in blood pressure

Question 25

Increase sodium intake inhibits what

Answer 25

secretion of aldosterone

Question 26

Which is more physiologically important, cortisol or corticosterone

Answer 26

cortisol

Question 27

Glucocorticoid synthesis and secretion is regulated by what

Answer 27

ACTH

Question 28

ACTH release is stimulated by what in response to neural input

Answer 28

CRH

Question 29

What kind of feedback mechanism on CRH and ACTH does cortisol have

Answer 29

negative feedback

Question 30

What are the two major effects of glucocorticoids

Answer 30

increase metabolic fuel availability and use

Question 31

What are two minor effects of glucocorticoids that become important during a stress response

Answer 31

maintain blood pressure | inhibits non-essential function

Question 32

This is a precursor of other sex steroids so it serves as a reservoir for conversion in other tissues

Answer 32

DHEA

Question 33

Where is DHEA also produced

Answer 33

``` gonads skin brain fat peripheral concentrations indicative of adrenal activity ```

Question 34

This is an extragonadal source of testosterone and estradiol that can be made from DHEA, regulated by ACTH

Answer 34

androstenedione

Question 35

What differs about sex steroid production in pre and post menopausal women

Answer 35

pre; adrenal secretion same as ovarian | post; adrenal is sole source

Question 36

What three things are influenced by the sex steroids (DHEA, androstenedione)

Answer 36

mood hair growth erythropoiesis

Question 37

This individual was among the first to view the stress response as adaptive, i.e a good thing

Answer 37

Hans Selye

Question 38

A stress response stimulates what

Answer 38

hypothalamic CRH neurons and input to the SNS

Question 39

SNS activation results in specific organ responses as well as what

Answer 39

increased circulating epinephrine from the adrenal medulla; rapid response

Question 40

Activation of the HPA axis results in increased cortisol secretion which increases what

Answer 40

the availability of metabolic fuel and regulation of other functions; this is a delayed response

Question 41

What are the three primary goals of the human stress response

Answer 41

maintain blood pressure mobilize metabolic fuel or increase availability inhibit non-essential functions that would otherwise use energy needed to combat the stressor

Question 42

Cortisol maintains circulating concentrations of what by stimulating synthesis of liver enzymes needed for gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

Answer 42

blood glucose

Question 43

Gluccocorticoids have what two actions

Answer 43

anti-inflammatory anti-immune (inhibitory cytokines)

Question 44

Effects of chronic SNS activation are confounded or aggravated by the increased action of cortisol, which effects what two conditions

Answer 44

atherosclerosis | hypertension

Question 45

What turn a short term response into chronic activation

Answer 45

inability to shut off the response

Question 46

This disease is caused by adrenal insufficiency

Answer 46

Addison's disease (JFK)

Question 47

Complete lack of cortisol is what

Answer 47

fatal

Question 48

What are three causes for primary adrenal insufficiency

Answer 48

disease congenital disorder autoimmune disorder

Question 49

What are two causes for secondary adrenal insufficiency

Answer 49

pituitary problem | glucocorticoid problem

Question 50

What is a ramification for dentistry involving adrenal insufficiency

Answer 50

hyperpigmentation

Question 51

What are two symptoms of adrenal insufficiency

Answer 51

low cortisol and high ACTH | hyperpigmentation

Question 52

How would you treat adrenal insufficiency

Answer 52

exogenous glucocorticoids

Question 53

Hypercortisolinemia is also know as what

Answer 53

Cushing's disease

Question 54

What is the primary cause of Cushing's disease

Answer 54

pituitary tumor

Question 55

What are four symptoms of Cushing's

Answer 55

excess tissue catabolism especially in bone, skin, and fat diabetes-like symptoms impaired immune function threat of hypertension

Question 56

What is the treatment for Cushing's

Answer 56

surgical removal of the tumor

Question 57

What is a ramification of Cushing's on dentistry

Answer 57

mostly concerned with excess cortisol impairing the immune response after a procedure