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AU14 Physiology > EX 2; Reproductive Endocrinology > Flashcards

EX 2; Reproductive Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three sex steroids secreted by the gonads

A

progestins
androgens
estrogens

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2
Q

What is the primary male hormone

A

testosterone, which is an androgen

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3
Q

Testosterone is more or less potent than DHEA or androgestenedione

A

more potent

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4
Q

What is the primary female hormone

A

estradiol, which is an estrogen

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5
Q

What is estrogen produced from

A

testosterone by an aromatase

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6
Q

This is the primary ovarian steroid during part of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy

A

progesterone

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7
Q

This is secreted from pacemaker cells that produce bursts secretion is pulsatile

A

GnRH

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8
Q

gondaotropin (LH and FSH) secretion is pulsatile and results in what

A

pulsatile secretion of steroids

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9
Q

Continuous, non-pulsatile GnRH will inhibit what

A

FSH and LH secretion

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10
Q

which hormones have negative feedback on both GnRH and LH/FSH

A

gonadal hormones

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11
Q

positive feedback of this controls ovulation in females

A

estradiol

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12
Q

Which cells induce mitotically active spermatogonia and meiotic spermatocytes

A 
spermatic cells (gametes)
produce 400 million sperm/day
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13
Q

These cells lie outside the seminifieroud tubules and synthesize T in response to LH actions of T

A

leydig cells

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14
Q

What is the role of Leydig cells in the gonad

A

regulate spermatogenesis

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15
Q

What is the role of Leydig cells elsewhere in the body besides the brain or gonads

A

produce secondary sex characteristics

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16
Q

What is the role of leydig cells in the brain

A

regulates sexual behavior

testosterone aromatizes into estrogen and sertoli cells to estradiol

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17
Q

These cells line the seminiferous tubule

A

sertoli cells

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18
Q

What is the role of sertoli cells in regulating spermatogenesis

A

regulate spermatogenesis in response to FSH

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19
Q

What is the role of sertoli cells in T sequestering

A

producing androgen binding proteins which sequesters T in the testis (so there is always enough T)

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20
Q

Sertoli cells secrete inhibin, which does what

A

its a peptide hormone that regulates FSH secretion

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21
Q

Sertoli cells secrete tubular fluid, which does what

A

provides nutrient support for the spermatozoa

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22
Q

The leydig cells synthesize testosterone in response to what

A

LH

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23
Q

As T diffuses into the seminiferous tubules it has a negative feedback on what

A

GnRH and LH; regulating its own secretion

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24
Q

Sertoli cells synthesize inhibit in response to what

A

FSH

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25
Q

Inhibin has negative feedback on what

A

negative feedback actions in pituitary to regulate FSH

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26
Q

Sertoli cells also produce this, which sequesters T needed for spermatogenesis

A

androgen binding protein (ABP)

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27
Q

Sertoli cells convert (aromatize) some testosterone to what

A

estradiol

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28
Q

Testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (a very potent non-aromatizable androgen) by what

A

5α-reductase

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29
Q

What is used to convert testosterone to estradiol

A

aromatase

also converts androstenedione in the brain and bone

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30
Q

The therapeutic manipulation of testicular hormone enzymes is used to treat what two conditions

A 
cancer therapies
baldness treatment (DHT on hair follicles) 5α-reductase inhibitor
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31
Q

Testicular hormones can have what three reproductive effects

A

sexual differentiation of an XY fetus
development of secondary sex characteristics
expression of sexual behavior

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32
Q

What three other effects can testicular hormones have on the body

A

interact with growth hormone to stimulate skeletal growth
stimulate muscle growth (T is anabolic)
regulate red blood cell synthesis

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33
Q

The oocytes in the ovary are arrested in which state

A

meiosis I; enclosed in a follicle

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34
Q

These cells lie outside the follicle, like Leydig cells

A

theca cells

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35
Q

These are the epithelial cells of the follicle

A

granulosa cells

36
Q

After ovulation, the remaining theca and granulosa cells transform into what

A

luteal cells of the corpus luteum

37
Q

The ovary secretes which three hormones

A

E
P
Inhibin

38
Q

What kind of feedback is the cyclical function of the ovary regulated by

A

positive and negative feedback

39
Q

Theca cells synthesize this in response to LH

A

androstenedione

40
Q

granulosa cells convert androstenedione to what

A

estrone then to estradiol

41
Q

estradiol has what affect on the granulosa cell

A

stimulates granulosa cell function

42
Q

Granulosa cells secrete this, in response to FSH

A

inhibin

43
Q

When the follicle is developing, estradiol inhibits what

A

GnRH and LH

44
Q

Inhibin inhibits what secretion

A

FSH

45
Q

What are the six effects of estradiol

A 
mitogenic (stimulates cell growth)
regulate oocyte development
female secondary sex characteristics
bone deposition
mood
arterial function; vasodilation
46
Q

What are the two stages of the ovarian cycle

A

follicular and luteal

each lasts 14 days

47
Q

What are the first two stages of the ovarian cycle

A

gonadotropin rise and follicular development

48
Q

gonadotropin rise and follicular development leads to what

A

an increase in estradiol (an inhibin) and dominant follicle selstion

49
Q

How is the dominant follicle selected

A

Whichever one gets the biggest dose of FSH

50
Q

After the follicle is selected then what occurs

A

estradiol peak

GnRH and LH surge due to positive feedback actions of E

51
Q

After the completion of meiosis 1 and ovulation, this forms

A

corpus luteum

52
Q

After the corups luteum forms what increases and is inhibited

A

E and P increases

gonadotropins are inhibited

53
Q

The CL regresses and then what

A

there is a decrease in steroids

gonadotropin rises, and start over.

54
Q

The menstrual cycle begins when

A

when the CL regresses and steroid support to the uterine epithelium (endometrium) diminishes

55
Q

This stimulates proliferation of the endometrium

A

E from developing follicles

56
Q

The follicular phase ends when

A

with ovulation and formation of the CL

57
Q

Luteal P and E stimulate what four things

A

uterine secretory activity
increase glandular production of glycogen
increase angiogenesis
decrease in contractility

58
Q

If there is no pregnancy, what occurs

A

the CL regresses
steroids decrease
and the cycle starts over

59
Q

If there is pregnancy, what occurs

A

the placenta produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG); this is what pregnancy tests detect
it is structurally similar to LH

60
Q

hCG does what

A

maintains luteal steroidogenesis until the placenta fully develops

61
Q

This is the cessation of the menstrual cycle due to ovarian failure

A

menopause

62
Q

What two things occur during menopause

A

loss of ovarial follicles due to atresia of oocytes

reduced steroidogenesis

63
Q

What are the hormonal consequences of menopause

A

steriods; must rely on adrenal androgens, similar to pre-pubertal condition
there is an increase in gonadotropins due to lack of negative feedback

64
Q

What are the physiological consequences of menopause usually associated with

A

decreased estrogens

65
Q

This protein direst the indifferent gonad to become a testis

A

SRY

66
Q

Fetal testis produce what two hormones that regulate differentiation of the internal genitalia

A

testosterone

mullerian inhibiting substance

67
Q

What does T regulate in the internal genetalia

A

stimulates the proliferation of the Wolffian duct system

68
Q

True or False

The fetal ovary will produce differentiating factors

A

False, it does not
lack of T, does not cause Wolffian system to grow
lack of MIS results in proliferation of Mullerian

69
Q

What are the three components of the undifferentiated fetal genetials

A

genital tubercle
urogenital fold
labiosacral gold

70
Q

These stimulate differentiation of the external genitalia

A

androgens; mainly T and DHT secreted by the testes

lack of these androgens results in female development

71
Q

What does the genital tubercle develop into in both males and females

A

glans of penis

glans of clitoris

72
Q

What does the urogenital fold develop into in both males and females

A

urethra and surrounding penis

labia minor and urethral opening

73
Q

What does the labiosacral fold develop into in both males and females

A

scrotum and skin of penis

labia majora

74
Q

This is also sexually differentiated due to the effects of T aromatized to E

A

the brain medial pre-optic area; much larger in males

75
Q

This results from a mutation in the steriodogenic enzymes

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia; disruption in normal sexual differentiation

76
Q

In congenital adreanal hyperplasia, the synthesis of cortisol is impaired, which leads to what

A

decrease in negative feedback resulting in increased stimulation of adrenal cortex and an increase production of adrenal androgens

77
Q

Increased adrenal androgens will have what affect on males/females

A

it will not disrupt make development, only female

78
Q

Someone with genotype XX with congenital adrenal hyperlasia, will have what symptoms

A

phenotype is more male
will have ovaries as gonads
but will have wolffian and muellerian ducts
and will have both a penis and vagina

79
Q

What will have if there is 5α-reductase deficiency

A

development of the penis, scrtum, and prostate is DHT dependent
enzyme deficiency results in failure of differentiation of the external genitalia

80
Q

What completes differentiation involving a 5α-reductase deficiency

A

increased T secretion with the onset of puberty

81
Q

Someone with a genotype of XY with 5α-reductase deficiency will have what type of symptoms

A

phenotype is female at birth until puberty
will have testes
will have a penis with Wolffian ducts
will have a normal male appearance after puberty

82
Q

Androgen insensitivity is due to what

A

a loss of a functional androgen receptor

83
Q

Someone with a genotype of XY will have type of symptoms with androgen insensitivity

A

phenotype is female
will have testes
no coffin or mullein ducts
will have a short vagina

84
Q

This support luteal steroidogeneis during pregnancy

A

hCG

85
Q

This stimulated the growth of the myometrium

A

placental estradiol

86
Q

This reduces uterine contractility and stimulates vasodilation

A

placental progesterone

87
Q

What are three considerations of the pregnant dental patient

A

more susceptible to gingivitis and periodontitis due to elevated steroid level
medications and radiographs may affect the fetus
comfort during exam or procedure

AU14 Physiology (24 decks)

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