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AU14 Physiology > EX 2; Reproductive Endocrinology > Flashcards

EX 2; Reproductive Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three sex steroids secreted by the gonads

A

progestins
androgens
estrogens

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2
Q

What is the primary male hormone

A

testosterone, which is an androgen

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3
Q

Testosterone is more or less potent than DHEA or androgestenedione

A

more potent

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4
Q

What is the primary female hormone

A

estradiol, which is an estrogen

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5
Q

What is estrogen produced from

A

testosterone by an aromatase

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6
Q

This is the primary ovarian steroid during part of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy

A

progesterone

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7
Q

This is secreted from pacemaker cells that produce bursts secretion is pulsatile

A

GnRH

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8
Q

gondaotropin (LH and FSH) secretion is pulsatile and results in what

A

pulsatile secretion of steroids

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9
Q

Continuous, non-pulsatile GnRH will inhibit what

A

FSH and LH secretion

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10
Q

which hormones have negative feedback on both GnRH and LH/FSH

A

gonadal hormones

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11
Q

positive feedback of this controls ovulation in females

A

estradiol

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12
Q

Which cells induce mitotically active spermatogonia and meiotic spermatocytes

A 
spermatic cells (gametes)
produce 400 million sperm/day
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13
Q

These cells lie outside the seminifieroud tubules and synthesize T in response to LH actions of T

A

leydig cells

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14
Q

What is the role of Leydig cells in the gonad

A

regulate spermatogenesis

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15
Q

What is the role of Leydig cells elsewhere in the body besides the brain or gonads

A

produce secondary sex characteristics

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16
Q

What is the role of leydig cells in the brain

A

regulates sexual behavior

testosterone aromatizes into estrogen and sertoli cells to estradiol

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17
Q

These cells line the seminiferous tubule

A

sertoli cells

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18
Q

What is the role of sertoli cells in regulating spermatogenesis

A

regulate spermatogenesis in response to FSH

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19
Q

What is the role of sertoli cells in T sequestering

A

producing androgen binding proteins which sequesters T in the testis (so there is always enough T)

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20
Q

Sertoli cells secrete inhibin, which does what

A

its a peptide hormone that regulates FSH secretion

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21
Q

Sertoli cells secrete tubular fluid, which does what

A

provides nutrient support for the spermatozoa

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22
Q

The leydig cells synthesize testosterone in response to what

A

LH

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23
Q

As T diffuses into the seminiferous tubules it has a negative feedback on what

A

GnRH and LH; regulating its own secretion

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24
Q

Sertoli cells synthesize inhibit in response to what

A

FSH

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25
Inhibin has negative feedback on what
negative feedback actions in pituitary to regulate FSH
26
Sertoli cells also produce this, which sequesters T needed for spermatogenesis
androgen binding protein (ABP)
27
Sertoli cells convert (aromatize) some testosterone to what
estradiol
28
Testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (a very potent non-aromatizable androgen) by what
5α-reductase
29
What is used to convert testosterone to estradiol
aromatase | also converts androstenedione in the brain and bone
30
The therapeutic manipulation of testicular hormone enzymes is used to treat what two conditions
``` cancer therapies baldness treatment (DHT on hair follicles) 5α-reductase inhibitor ```
31
Testicular hormones can have what three reproductive effects
sexual differentiation of an XY fetus development of secondary sex characteristics expression of sexual behavior
32
What three other effects can testicular hormones have on the body
interact with growth hormone to stimulate skeletal growth stimulate muscle growth (T is anabolic) regulate red blood cell synthesis
33
The oocytes in the ovary are arrested in which state
meiosis I; enclosed in a follicle
34
These cells lie outside the follicle, like Leydig cells
theca cells
35
These are the epithelial cells of the follicle
granulosa cells
36
After ovulation, the remaining theca and granulosa cells transform into what
luteal cells of the corpus luteum
37
The ovary secretes which three hormones
E P Inhibin
38
What kind of feedback is the cyclical function of the ovary regulated by
positive and negative feedback
39
Theca cells synthesize this in response to LH
androstenedione
40
granulosa cells convert androstenedione to what
estrone then to estradiol
41
estradiol has what affect on the granulosa cell
stimulates granulosa cell function
42
Granulosa cells secrete this, in response to FSH
inhibin
43
When the follicle is developing, estradiol inhibits what
GnRH and LH
44
Inhibin inhibits what secretion
FSH
45
What are the six effects of estradiol
``` mitogenic (stimulates cell growth) regulate oocyte development female secondary sex characteristics bone deposition mood arterial function; vasodilation ```
46
What are the two stages of the ovarian cycle
follicular and luteal | each lasts 14 days
47
What are the first two stages of the ovarian cycle
gonadotropin rise and follicular development
48
gonadotropin rise and follicular development leads to what
an increase in estradiol (an inhibin) and dominant follicle selstion
49
How is the dominant follicle selected
Whichever one gets the biggest dose of FSH
50
After the follicle is selected then what occurs
estradiol peak | GnRH and LH surge due to positive feedback actions of E
51
After the completion of meiosis 1 and ovulation, this forms
corpus luteum
52
After the corups luteum forms what increases and is inhibited
E and P increases | gonadotropins are inhibited
53
The CL regresses and then what
there is a decrease in steroids | gonadotropin rises, and start over.
54
The menstrual cycle begins when
when the CL regresses and steroid support to the uterine epithelium (endometrium) diminishes
55
This stimulates proliferation of the endometrium
E from developing follicles
56
The follicular phase ends when
with ovulation and formation of the CL
57
Luteal P and E stimulate what four things
uterine secretory activity increase glandular production of glycogen increase angiogenesis decrease in contractility
58
If there is no pregnancy, what occurs
the CL regresses steroids decrease and the cycle starts over
59
If there is pregnancy, what occurs
the placenta produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG); this is what pregnancy tests detect it is structurally similar to LH
60
hCG does what
maintains luteal steroidogenesis until the placenta fully develops
61
This is the cessation of the menstrual cycle due to ovarian failure
menopause
62
What two things occur during menopause
loss of ovarial follicles due to atresia of oocytes | reduced steroidogenesis
63
What are the hormonal consequences of menopause
steriods; must rely on adrenal androgens, similar to pre-pubertal condition there is an increase in gonadotropins due to lack of negative feedback
64
What are the physiological consequences of menopause usually associated with
decreased estrogens
65
This protein direst the indifferent gonad to become a testis
SRY
66
Fetal testis produce what two hormones that regulate differentiation of the internal genitalia
testosterone | mullerian inhibiting substance
67
What does T regulate in the internal genetalia
stimulates the proliferation of the Wolffian duct system
68
True or False | The fetal ovary will produce differentiating factors
False, it does not lack of T, does not cause Wolffian system to grow lack of MIS results in proliferation of Mullerian
69
What are the three components of the undifferentiated fetal genetials
genital tubercle urogenital fold labiosacral gold
70
These stimulate differentiation of the external genitalia
androgens; mainly T and DHT secreted by the testes | lack of these androgens results in female development
71
What does the genital tubercle develop into in both males and females
glans of penis | glans of clitoris
72
What does the urogenital fold develop into in both males and females
urethra and surrounding penis | labia minor and urethral opening
73
What does the labiosacral fold develop into in both males and females
scrotum and skin of penis | labia majora
74
This is also sexually differentiated due to the effects of T aromatized to E
the brain medial pre-optic area; much larger in males
75
This results from a mutation in the steriodogenic enzymes
congenital adrenal hyperplasia; disruption in normal sexual differentiation
76
In congenital adreanal hyperplasia, the synthesis of cortisol is impaired, which leads to what
decrease in negative feedback resulting in increased stimulation of adrenal cortex and an increase production of adrenal androgens
77
Increased adrenal androgens will have what affect on males/females
it will not disrupt make development, only female
78
Someone with genotype XX with congenital adrenal hyperlasia, will have what symptoms
phenotype is more male will have ovaries as gonads but will have wolffian and muellerian ducts and will have both a penis and vagina
79
What will have if there is 5α-reductase deficiency
development of the penis, scrtum, and prostate is DHT dependent enzyme deficiency results in failure of differentiation of the external genitalia
80
What completes differentiation involving a 5α-reductase deficiency
increased T secretion with the onset of puberty
81
Someone with a genotype of XY with 5α-reductase deficiency will have what type of symptoms
phenotype is female at birth until puberty will have testes will have a penis with Wolffian ducts will have a normal male appearance after puberty
82
Androgen insensitivity is due to what
a loss of a functional androgen receptor
83
Someone with a genotype of XY will have type of symptoms with androgen insensitivity
phenotype is female will have testes no coffin or mullein ducts will have a short vagina
84
This support luteal steroidogeneis during pregnancy
hCG
85
This stimulated the growth of the myometrium
placental estradiol
86
This reduces uterine contractility and stimulates vasodilation
placental progesterone
87
What are three considerations of the pregnant dental patient
more susceptible to gingivitis and periodontitis due to elevated steroid level medications and radiographs may affect the fetus comfort during exam or procedure

AU14 Physiology (24 decks)

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