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Level 2 > Evolutionary Psych > Flashcards

Evolutionary Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 4 features of levels of analysis in life sciences?

A

Non mutually exclusive
Overlap
Complementary
Most people specialise

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2
Q

What are the levels of analysis in life sciences?

A

Small/specialised to large/broad

Genetics and molecular biology
Microbiology - very small organisms
Physiology - systems
Botany and Vertebrate biology larger organisms(dogs & people)
Evolutionary biology
Ecology - multiple organisms & interaction multidisciplinary

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3
Q

Where does evolutionary biology come in the levels of analysis?

A

Bigger picture - how did this organism get built

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4
Q

How should we think about “levels of analysis” in the context of behaviour

A

Angles of analysis

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5
Q

What are the angles of analysis?

A

ABA
Development
Behavioural genetics
Neuropsych
Ethology
Evolution
Other

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6
Q

What do we mean by ABA

A

how the animals behaviour changes in its lifetime

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7
Q

What do we mean by developmental

A

How animals change during it’s lifetime at certain ages

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8
Q

What do we mean by behavioural genetics

A

How allele differences affect behaviour
(differences at an individual gene level changing behaviour downstream)
Change one gene - see what happens!

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9
Q

What do we mean by neuro psych?

A

Going inside the black box!
How does anatomy, electrical and chemical signals mediate behaviour

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10
Q

What do we mean by ethology?

A

Animals FAPs in natural environments and understanding this

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11
Q

When we have our professional hat on, where do we focus?

A

ABA

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12
Q

Why do we focus on ABA when dealing with clients?

A

We need to change a behaviour

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13
Q

How are other levels of analysis useful for us in day-to-day work?

A

Help understanding, normalising

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14
Q

How are other levels of analysis useful for us in day-to-day work?

A

Help to understand, normalising

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15
Q

What are some psych specialities

A

Developmental
Social
Neuropsych
Abnormal psych
Others - experimental, comparative, (non humans animals) organizational
Evo psych

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16
Q

What animal does evo-psych study?

A

Humans

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17
Q

What question does Evo psych ask about behaviour

A

What is the AS of this behaviour?

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18
Q

What is AS?

A

Survival and reproduction

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19
Q

What are we asking in relation to AS is evo psych

A

How did this behaviour serve the survival and reproduction of humans in the original environment in which it was selected

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20
Q

Why is it about humans in the original environment?

A

Because there is a lag. Evolution doesn’t know what is going to happen next. Behaviours today are the answers to “old” selection pressures

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21
Q

What was the mortality rate in the original environment?

A

Very much higher!!

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22
Q

What assumptions are there in evo psych?

A

The brain is just another organ

23
Q

What is the job - AS - of the brain in evo psych?

A

Move the genes that built it through time

24
Q

What do successful brains do

A

Leave more descendants than unsuccessful brains

25
Q

What are the 4 competence areas for all animals?

A

Get enough to eat
Avoid being eaten
Avoid injury and disease
Reproduce

26
Q

What is the irony in modern-day societies?

A

The survival competencies such as getting enough to eat is now something which causes us death and disease! E.g. heart disease!

27
Q

What can evolutionary psych help us understand

A

Why things are irrational - e.g. fearing dogs not cake!

28
Q

Why have traits as eating too much cake not been selected out?

A

It doesn’t kill us before reproduction age and therefore it is represented in the next generation

29
Q

What are adaptions

A

An inherited trait, which is solving a problem better than competing alternatives

30
Q

What is an example of an adaption?

A

Fear of predators

31
Q

Whats a good analagy of adaptions?

A

There are only so many seats on the bus. This adaption does the job better than its competing genes

32
Q

What is a by-product?

A

An artifact without functional value that persists because it’s coupled with an adaption e.g. fear of dogs

33
Q

What is noise?

A

Variation due to random environmental events or mutations that are not sufficiently costing to be selected out e.g. fear of canaries

34
Q

What is fear of predators an example of?

A

Adaption

35
Q

What is fear of dogs an example of?

A

By product (i.e. not a significant hazard but push the “predators” buttons)

36
Q

What is fear of canaries an example of?

A

Noise - something pushing our predators buttons which is odd or not serving a purpose

37
Q

What is the recursive mind modelling hypothesis?

A

If people sometimes deceive or cheat in social exchanges, cheating detection will evolve

38
Q

What did the recursive mind modelling experiment involve

A

tests whether humans perform better in complex logic test if they are framed as social rule-breaking scenarios

39
Q

What did they find in the recursive mind modelling experiments

A

Even trained philosophy professors perform better when problems are framed in social terms than as straight logic problems

40
Q

What is a Sexual selection hypothesis

A

females have a greater preference for males with resources and deliver cues that they are willing to invest in them and their young

41
Q

What do the experiments to test the female sexual selection hypothesis show?

A

human females - across the board - will be pulled in primitive ways to men with resources and those who show cues that they have resources.

42
Q

What leaps out at people when shown a large number of images?

A

Spiders and snakes

43
Q

Why do spiders and snakes jump out at humans?

A

Prepared fear

44
Q

What is prepared fear?

A

Predisposed to learn a stimuli i more salient and feared more often without learning or with minimal learning

45
Q

What did experimenters find in regard to prepared fear experiments

A

Big over-representation of things like spiders and snakes, but not things like heart disease, cars, guns etc.

46
Q

Why do we have prepared fear to things like snakes?

A

Because it was adaptive for the brains that reproduced to fear those things!

47
Q

What is the most attractive hip to waist ration?

A

0.7 or lower

48
Q

What are the costs of a hip ration of 0.7 or lower?

A

Strength and speed costs

49
Q

Why are hip ratios of 0.7 preferred?

A

It’s about signalling for maximum fertility! “I’m likely to get pregnant and deliver a healthy baby”

The male brains that preferred 0.7 waist to hip ratio were most likely to choose these most fertile females and reproduce and these were passed to their offspring

50
Q

What is evo psych take on cognitive bias

A

These aren’t design flaws in brains, but design features (e.g. cheaper!) shortcuts that work in most circumstances

51
Q

Who said “The extra effort required to use a more sophisticated strategy is a cost that often outweighs the potential benefit of enhanced accuracy”

A

H.R. Arkes, Ohio State

52
Q

What are some examples of biased solutions to adaptive problems?

A

Over-detection of predators

53
Q

Who wins
A guy (accuracy guy) is right 94% of the time. BUT makes mistakes both way

B guy (bias guy) is right 40% of the time but only makes mistakes on “it’s dangerous let’s get out of here side”

A

B guy!!
Predator detection -Thinking it’s dangerous when it isn’t is adaptive! These guys win!

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